About the United Nations University (UNU) The United Nations University is an organ of the United Nations established by the General Assembly in 1973 to be an international community of scholars engaged in research, advanced training and the dissemination of knowledge related to the pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare. Its activities focus mainly on peace and conflict resolutions, development in a changing world, and science and technology in relation to human welfare. The University operates a worldwide network of research and post-graduate training centres, with its planning and coordinating headquarters in Tokyo. ©The United Nations University, 2002 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations University First edition published: March 2002 Environment and Sustainable Development Programme The United Nations University 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: +81-3-3499-2811 Fax: +81-3-3499-2828 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.unu.edu Designed and printed by: Omega Communications, Inc., Tokyo, Japan Cover photos by: Juha I. Uitto ISBN 92-808-8003-9 Lakes and Reservoirs as International Water Systems Towards World Lake Vision Contributions from the UNU Workshop: Lakes and Reservoirs as Important Elements of International Water Systems held during the 9th International Conference on the Conservation and Management of Lakes, 14 November 2001, Otsu, Japan Edited by Libor Jansky, Mikiyasu Nakayama and Juha I. Uitto Lakes and Reservoirs as International Water Systems Contents About the Authors .........................................................................................4 Foreword........................................................................................................8 Prof. Hans van Ginkel Introduction: With World Lake Vision towards the 3rd World Water Forum ...................10 Prof. Motoyuki Suzuki Emerging Issues in Sustainable Water Resources Management in Africa..14 Prof. Chris H.D. Magadza Sustainable Water Resources in South America: The Amazon and La Plata Basins................................................................28 Prof. José Galizia Tundisi The Caspian as an International Water System ...........................................45 Prof. Genady N. Golubev River Danube: Needs for Integrated River Basin Management..................55 Dr. Libor Jansky Institutional Aspects of International Water Management: Lessons from the Mekong River Basin .......................................................69 Prof. Mikiyasu Nakayama Multi-Country Cooperation for Sustainable Development of International Lake Basins: Lessons from the Global Environment Facility.....................79 Dr. Juha I. Uitto A Lake Today, a “Puddle” Tomorrow?: The Case of the Disappearing Chad ............................................................94 Dr. Depo Adenle Workshop Programme ...............................................................................109 3 About the Authors Prof. Motoyuki SUZUKI, Vice-Rector, United Nations University, Tokyo A member of the UNU’s senior staff, Vice-Rector Suzuki is responsible for the University’s Environment and Sustainable Development Programme. An engineering specialist, he has taught at the University of Tokyo since 1968, and served as Director General of the University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science from 1995 to 1998. His major research interests include adsorption science/technology, water quality and vegetation modeling. Prof. Suzuki has published more than 300 articles in scientific journals and authored 10 environmental engineering books. He holds a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Tokyo. Prof. Christopher H.D. MAGADZA, Lake Kariba Research Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe Born of poor parents in rural Zimbabwe, Prof. Magadza’s talent and hard work led him to attain a B.Sc. degree from the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, M.Phil. from the University of London (UK) and Ph.D. from the University of Auckland (New Zealand). He has been a leading specialist in limnology and ecology in southern Africa, teaching at the University of Zimbabwe since 1976. From 1986–2000, Prof. Magadza served as Director of the University’s Lake Kabira Research Station, and currently is Associate Professor of the Department of Biological Sciences. He has been an active member of a number of scientific and policy-making bodies both inside and outside Zimbabwe. Author of over 60 publications on limnology, entomology and botanical topics, he also serves as editorial board member of Lakes and Reservoirs, Research and Management, Japan, and was a convening lead author of the Third Assessment Report on Climate Change, Ch 10 WGII, and lead author of Summary for Policy Makers (SPM) and Synthesis Report (SRP). Prof. José Galizia TUNDISI, International Institute of Ecology, Sao Carlos SP, Brazil Prof. Tundisi is a limnologist who works on the mechanisms of functioning of lakes, reservoirs, rivers and estuaries in South America. His primary 4 interests are phytoplankton ecology, primary production, biogeochemical cycles eutrophication and watershed and reservoir management. He has published some 300 scientific papers and 13 books on limnology, water resources management and aquatic ecology of neotropical aquatic ecosystems. He was full professor of environmental sciences at University of S. Paulo, in S. Carlos. Prof. Tundisi is Vice-President of the ILEC Scientific Committee and was adviser for SCOPE, UNEP, UNESCO, and the Organization of American States in water resources management, limnology and organization of training activities for scientists and managers. He is President of the International Institute of Ecology at S. Carlos, S. Paulo, Brazil, a research institute and an environmental company. Prof. Tundisi was awarded the National Order of Scientific Merit by the government of Brazil, the Boutros-Ghali prize of the United Nations, and an honorary D.Sc. degree by University of Southampton (UK). Prof. Genady N. GOLUBEV, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Prof. Golubev holds Ph.D. and D.Sc. degrees in geography and hydrology from Moscow State University, Russia, where he has also been a professor since 1975. He currently serves as Head of the Department of World Physical Geography and Global Environment, Faculty of Geography. His research and management activities have included such areas as environmental assessment and management, water resources, global environmental change, high mountains hydrology and glaciology, problems of desertification, and environmental problems of agriculture. He was Assistant Executive Director, UNEP (with the rank of UN Assistant Secretary-General) from 1981–89, and Assistant Director General of the World Conservation Union in 1992–1993. From 1995–2001, he served as Council Member of the United Nations University. He has served on numerous advisory committees, scientific councils and editorial boards, and is author/editor of over 170 publications, including about ten books. Dr. Libor JANSKY, United Nations University, Tokyo Dr. Jansky is Senior Academic Programme Officer at the United Nations University in Tokyo, Japan, responsible for research and training programmes in the field of environment and sustainable development, especially in the area of forestry, agriculture, mountain development and 5 freshwater resources management. A forester by training, he holds a Ph.D. from the University of Forestry and Wood Technology in Zvolen, Slovakia. Prior to joining UNU in 1999, his research interests focused on the environmental aspects of hydrology, soil conservation and land use. In addition to academic posts in his native Slovakia, Dr. Jansky has held visiting positions at the University of Oxford (UK) as well as the National Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering in Tsukuba and Shizuoka University (both in Japan). After serving as First Secretary for Science and Technology at the Slovak Embassy in Tokyo in 1992–93, Dr. Jansky became a member of the international team for the UNU study on river Danube in 1994. Prof. Mikiyasu NAKAYAMA, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo Prof. Nakayama is Associate Dean and professor of the United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. After earning B.A., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Tokyo, he served as Programme Officer for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) from 1986–89, where he participated in projects related to international water bodies. From 1989– 99, Prof. Nakayama taught water resources management and its international and environmental aspects at the Utsunomiya University. He currently serves as advisor and expert for several UN organizations and non-governmental organizations, including IUCN and ILEC. From 1990– 92, he participated in UNEP’s environmental management project for the Aral Sea, and from 1994–96 served in the North African Department of the World Bank where he dealt with water resources management projects. Prof. Nakayama’s research interests focus on environmental monitoring and management of river and lake basins. Dr. Juha I. UITTO, GEF Secretariat, Washington, DC, USA Dr. Uitto is a geographer with over fifteen years of experience in international development. He holds B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in geography from the University of Helsinki in his native Finland, and a Ph.D. in social and economic geography from