Family: Papaveraceae Taxon: Argemone mexicana Synonym: Argemone ochroleuca Sweet Common Name: Mexican poppy Argemone subfusiformis G.B. Ownbey Mexican prickly poppy Yellow-flower Mexican poppy Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 22 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 y 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 5/16/2012 Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae) Page 1 of 7 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 1 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 y areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 y 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 22 Print Date: 5/16/2012 Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 1997. Holm, L.G.. World weeds: natural histories [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence and distribution. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1997. Holm, L.G.. World weeds: natural histories [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "It is native to tropical and distribution. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New America and is now pantropical." York, NY 201 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Native to the West Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised Indies and Mexico; in Hawaii naturalized in dry, disturbed habitats on Kauai, edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Oahu, and Maui." Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 202 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Quality of climate match data 2-High] Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 203 1997. Holm, L.G.. World weeds: natural histories [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Adapted to a very wide and distribution. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New range of habitats. In Mauritius it is most plentiful in the subhumid regions, York, NY whereas in Puerto Rico it is most prevalent in the semiarid northern regions. Though often seen at sea level, it is a weed at an elevation of 2,900 m in Tanzania." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility] 204 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Native Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised to the West Indies and Mexico; in Hawaii naturalized in dry, disturbed habitats on edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Kauai, Oahu, and Maui." Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 205 1997. Holm, L.G.. World weeds: natural histories [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural and distribution. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New range? Yes] "It is a weed of 15 different crops in 30 countries." York, NY 301 1981. Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiensis Nova - A New [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "occasionally naturalized as a weed in Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 2. sandy soil and in cane fields near sea level" [Fiji] Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, HI 301 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Native to the West Indies and Mexico; in Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised Hawaii naturalized in dry, disturbed habitats on Kauai, Oahu, and Maui." edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 301 2001. Parsons, W.T./Cuthbertson, E.G.. Noxious [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "The native of Mexico is naturalised in Weeds of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO most warm countries of the world, occurring as a serious weed of various crops in Publishing, Collingwood, Australia Argentina, Australia, India, Madagascar, Morocco, Nicaragua, Pakistan, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Africa and Tanzania." 301 2007. Wysong, M./Hughes, G./Wood, K.R.. New [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Native to the West Indies and Mexico, A. Hawaiian plant records for the island of Moloka‘i. mexicana (Mexican poppy), was cultivated as early as 1934 (Caum s.n., BISH Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 96: 1-8. 61360). In Hawai‘i it is previously documented from dry, disturbed habitats on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui (Wagner et al. 1999). On Kalaupapa peninsula it is considered a priority incipient weed and has been found near the dump, the slaughterhouse, and on the side of Damien Road, near the old bakery. Material examined. MOLOKA‘I: Kalaupapa peninsula, near the slaughterhouse in open maintained grass field, small population found, all plants hand-pulled, 15 m, 1 Apr 2004, B. Garnett s.n. (BISH 718652)" 302 2001. Parsons, W.T./Cuthbertson, E.G.. Noxious [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? A disturbance-adapted weed with impacts to Weeds of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO agriculture] "Seedlings do not establish in the presence of perennials and cannot Publishing, Collingwood, Australia compete with established pastures." … "Mexican poppy persists only until perennial species become established and then gradually disappears." 303 1997. Holm, L.G.. World weeds: natural histories [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? Yes] "It is a weed of 15 different crops in and distribution. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New 30 countries." … "A. mexicana is a principal weed of beans and corn in Tanzania, York, NY cereal in Australia and India, cotton in Nicaragua, potatoes in India, tobacco in Argentina and Puerto Rico, and wheat in Pakistan. It is also a weed of beans, coffee, peanuts, and sorghum in Tanzania; sugarcane in Australia, India, Mauritius, and South Africa; corn, bean , and cereals in eastern Africa; sisal in Madagascar; tobacco in the Philippines; vegetables in India; cotton in Morocco; and wheat in India." Print Date: 5/16/2012 Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae) Page 3 of 7 304 2011. BioNET-EAFRINE. Keys and Fact Sheets - [Environmental weed? Possibly, but primarily considered an agricultural weed] Argemone mexicana (Mexican Prickly Poppy). "Argemone mexicana tends to grow along roadsides, in fallow and cultivated http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds lands, riverbanks, disturbed areas, and on floodplains. It competes with and /key/weeds/Media/Html/Argemone_mexicana_%2 replaces native species in some cases and is also a significant crop weed." 8Mexican_Prickly_Poppy%29.htm 305 2003.