‘Theoikoumene was the name the ancient Greeks gave to what they saw as the inhabited world. In Age of Conquests, Angelos Chaniotis tells the story of the Hellenistic oikoumene – its staggering cultural diversity, as well as the people, ideas, and events that unified it for centuries. Chaniotis boldly breaks with the traditional chronological divisions of ancient history and writes of the long Hellenistic era from the reign of Alexander to Hadrian. Anyone interested in the great cultural achievements of the ancient Greek world will profit greatly from this ambitious book by a leading historian.’ Alain Bresson, author of The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy: Institutions, Markets, and Growth in the City-States ‘A wide-ranging and lively history of the Greek East that offers a rare combination of erudition and accessibility.’ Andrew Erskine, University of Edinburgh ‘Angelos Chaniotis conveys all the richness and excitement of an extraordinary era in human history in this new work. The period of Greek history after the death of Alexander is the story of the rise and fall of empires and kingdoms, of a new global Greek world stretching from Cyrenaica to Afghanistan, and of the struggle of the cities of the ‘old’ Greek world to maintain their position. But it is also a period of intense cultural and scientific creativity, in which rulers were widely worshiped as gods, and where for the first time our sources reveal details of the lives of everyday Greeks and foreigners. There is no one who knows the evidence for the long Hellenistic Age better than Angelos Chaniotis – and in Age of Conquests he brings this canvas to life.’ Tom Harrison, University of St Andrews ‘The period that begins with the conquests of Alexander the Great and ends with the reign of the Roman emperor Hadrian is one of the most important and tumultuous in world history. Jesus Christ, Cleopatra, Julius Caesar, and Nero are only a few of the figures who lived during this era. Greeks and Greek-speakers played a crucial role during these years and bear witness to a number of astonishing phenomena – the emergence of Christianity, the consolidation of the Roman Empire, the founding of the library in Alexandria, and lasting developments in philosophy, literature, political thought, and technology. Angelos Chaniotis brings the Hellenistic age to life with remarkable learning, mastery of evidence, and sensitivity. His book offers a brilliant picture of the cosmopolitan Greek world and shows why it still matters to us today.’ Phiroze Vasunia, author of The Gift of the Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander Age of Conquests.indd 1 12/12/2017 11:14 Age of Conquests The Greek World from Alexander to Hadrian (336 bc–ad 138) ANGELOS CHANIOTIS PROFILE BOOKS Age of Conquests.indd 3 23/10/2017 17:18 First published in Great Britain in 2018 by PROFILE BOOKS LTD 3 Holford Yard Bevin Way London wc1x 9hd www.profilebooks.com Copyright © Angelos Chaniotis, 2018 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset in Garamond by MacGuru Ltd Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays, St Ives plc The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 1 84668 296 4 eISBN 978 1 86765 421 2 Age of Conquests.indd 4 23/10/2017 17:18 Contents Maps xi List of Figures xxviii Preface xxxii Introduction 1 1 How It All Began: From Macedonia to the Oecumene (356–323 bc) 10 A father’s legacy (c. 356–336 bc) – A son’s vision: from Troy to Egypt (336–331 bc) – Passage to Persia: Alexander the Avenger (331–327 bc) – Pothos: the desire to reach the limit (327–324 bc) – Becoming immortal (324–323 bc) – Alexander’s legacy 2 The Successors: Adventurers and Architects of Kingdoms (323–275 bc) 31 The problem of the succession (323 bc) – The Successors: a portrait gallery of ambition – The Lamian or Hellenic War (323–322 bc) – From warlords to kings (322–306 bc) – Dreams of empire (306–281 bc) – Sicilian adventures – The last adventurer: Pyrrhos – A new world in East and West: divided but connected 3 ‘Old’ Greece in the Short Third Century: Struggles for Survival, Freedom and Hegemony (279–217 bc) 56 The ubiquity of war – The new barbarian: the Gauls enter the Greek world (279–277 bc) – The Chremonidean War (267–261 bc) – Aratos and the rise of the Achaeans (251–229 bc) – Restorers of power: Doson and Kleomenes (239–221 bc) – The ‘Social War’: the last great war the Greeks fought alone (220–217 bc) Age of Conquests.indd 7 23/10/2017 17:18 4 The Ptolemaic Golden Age (283–217 bc) 74 Ptolemaic hegemony in the short third century – Nothing quiet on the eastern front: the Syrian Wars (274–253 bc) – Cherchez la femme: the war of Laodike (246–241 bc) and the lock of Berenike – The last Ptolemaic victory: the Battle of Raphia 5 Kings and Kingdoms 85 Basileia: the heterogeneous origins of Hellenistic kingship – Kingship as a family affair – New administrative challenges: ruling empires – Cities and kings: struggles for autonomy and illusions of freedom – The military character of Hellenistic kingship – The mortal divinity of Hellenistic kings – Negotiating power – The staging of monarchy 6 The City-state in a World of Federations and Empires 122 Thepolis : physical decline and ideological longevity – A world full of poleis – Hellenistic federalism: great expectations and great failures – Political institutions – Illusions of democracy and realities of plutocracy – The Hellenistic star system: demagogues, tyrants, dynasts and heroes 7 Entanglement: The Coming of Rome (221–188 bc) 148 Symploke: the birth of global history – ‘Woman, fire and the sea’: the war that brought the Romans to the Balkans (229 bc) – From trust and loyalty to expansion: Rome’s first steps towards imperial rule – Demetrios of Pharos and the Second lllyrian War (219–218 bc) – Clouds in the West (217–205 bc) – The great entanglement: the First Macedonian War (215– 204 bc) – The Egyptian crisis and an opportunistic alliance (204–201 bc) – A turning point of Roman imperialism? The Second Macedonian War (200–197 bc) – Freedom: an announcement with consequences (196 bc) – A fatal confrontation: Antiochos III and Rome (196–189 bc) – The Peace of Apameia: a turning point in the history of the Greek East (188 bc) – When Greece ceased to bear good men 8 The Greek States Become Roman Provinces (188–129 bc) 175 Rule as a habit – The end of the Macedonian kingdom (179–167 bc) – Graecia capta: the provincialisation of Greece (167–146 bc) – From allied kingdom to province: the last Attalids (159–129 bc) – Expansion as exploitation: Roman tax farmers in Asia 9 Decline and Fall of the Hellenistic Kingdoms in Asia and Egypt (188–80 bc) 193 Götterdämmerung in the East – A clash of cultures in Judaea: from high Age of Conquests.indd 8 23/10/2017 17:18 priests to kings – The rise and fall of Greek kingdoms in central Asia – The Seleucid dynastic conflicts and the slow death of the Seleucid dynasty – Game of thrones: the civil wars of the Ptolemies 10 A Battlefield of Foreign Ambitions (88–30 bc) 207 Longing for the freedom to fight wars – Pontos: from peripheral kingdom to international player – The First Mithridatic War and the rise of Sulla – The Second and Third Mithridatic Wars and Lucullian ambitions – The wars against the pirates and the rise of Pompey – Pompey’s vision for the Roman East – The last Ptolemies: from rulers to clients of Roman patrons – A Roman affair: Cleopatra and Caesar – The dictator is dead. Long live who? – The last Hellenistic drama: Antony and Cleopatra 11 A Roman East: Local Histories and Their Global Context (30 bc–ad 138) 233 Earthly gods and heavenly kings – The Greeks as an audience of global history – Augustus and the shaping of the Principate – Organising a Roman East: client kings and annexations – Revitalising Greece and Asia Minor – Nero, the short-lived freedom of the Greeks and the long struggle of the Jews – Integrating the Greeks into the imperial elite: the Flavians – Consolidating the borders of the oecumene: Trajan and Hadrian 12 Emperors, Cities and Provinces from Augustus to Hadrian (30 bc–ad 138) 261 The Divine Providence’s gift to mankind: the Roman emperor – Ruling from afar: the visibility of the emperor – Theoi sebastoi: the divinity of the emperors – Provincial administration – The cities: traditionalpoleis , Roman colonies and political life 13 Socio-economic Conditions: From Greek Cities to an ‘Ecumenical’ Network 291 Reshaping social hierarchies: wealth, legal status and social position – Men of learning: social enhancement through education and skill – Proximity to power and social mobility – Pressing problems and failed solutions in Hellenistic Greece – Ubi bene ibi patria: Hellenistic migrations – Professional specialisation and mobility – Pax Romana: inherited tensions in a new context 14 Social and Cultural Trends: Benefactors, Confrères, Ephebes, Athletes, Women and Slaves 317 Detecting trends and innovation – ‘Euergetism’: benefactions, social Age of Conquests.indd 9 23/10/2017 17:18 prestige and political power – Voluntary associations – Agonistic culture and international stars in sport and entertainment – Shaping civic values and civic identity: the ephebeia