MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE NATIONAL AVIATION UNIVERSITY Sergii Boichenko, Olexander Aksionov, Petro Topilnytskyi, Andrii Pushak, Kazimierz Lejda SELECTED ASPECTS OF PROVIDING THE CHEMMOTOLOGICAL RELIABILITY OF THE ENGINEERING Monograph Кyiv-Paris 1 DOI: doi.org/10.18372/38195 UDC: 665.6/.7-043.2:629.7:629.017(02) S45 Approved by Scientific Board of the National Aviation University (Protocol № 8 of 28.11.2018) Reviewers: T. Hikmet Karakoc – Dr. Sc., Professor, Eskisehir Technical University, (Eskisehir, Turkey), Yurii M. Tereshcnenko – Dr. Sc., Professor, National Aviation University (Kyiv, Ukraine), Edgar Sokolovskij – Dr. Sc., Professor, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (Vilnius, Lithuania) S45 Selected aspects of providing the chemmotological reliability of the engineering: Monograph / Sergii Boichenko, Olexander Aksionov, Petro Topilnytskyi, Andrii Pushak, Kazimierz Lejda / under the general editorshipof prof. Sergii Boichenko. – К.: Center for Educational Literature, 2019. – 342 p. ISBN 978-611-01-1484-4 The Monograph selectively represents the Aspects of providing the Chemmotological Reliability of the Transport through the investigation of the Quality Parameters of Fuel and Lubricants. Is devoted to the Modern Problems of of Rational use of Traditional and Alternative Fuels, Lubricants and other operational materials during exploitation of Transport. NAU, 2019 BASIC ABBREVIATIONS PC – ProfiLab software DERD – Directorate of Engine Research and ETC – electron transport chain Development DM – decision makers KMKO – Complex of Methods for ICAO – International Civil Aviation Qualitative Assessment Organization GDP – gross domestic product CAAF – Conference on the Use of EGR – exhaust gas recirculation Alternative Fuels ECH – engine cylinder head MEA – more electric planes EG – exhaust gas ODS – Oil dispersed systems PM – particles mater ARPD – asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits ER – emission reduction PPVO – product of processing of vegetable ID – indicator diagram oils CPG – cylinder-piston group PA – polycyclic arenes OBD – On-Board Diagnostic MAC – maximum allowable concentrations GPS – Global Positioning System TWUO – tar from West-Ukrainian oil EASA – European Aviation Safety Agency EPC – European Pellet Council CAA – Civil Aviation Authority EIPS – European Industry of Pellet Suppliers FAME – fatty acid methyl esters IBTC – International Biomass Torrefaction MIC – Microbial Induced Corrosion Council TCA – tricarboxylic acid CIR – coumarone-indene resin IPCC – Intergovernmental panel on Climate AER – air excess ratio Change DTA – differential-thermal analysis BFFM2 – Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 IBP – initial boiling point EE – engine emission EBP – end boiling point EAPA – European Asphalt Pavement WPhF – wide phenolic fraction Association EMF – electromagnetic field PMB – polymer modified bitumen MF – magnetic field SBS – styrene-butadiene-styrene L – lubricants SIS – styrene-isoprene-styrene IATA – International Air Transport SEBS – styrene-ethylene / butylene-styrene Association TE – Thermoplastic elastomers CamO – camellina oils EPL – Environmental Protection Law JF – jet fuel OOU obszar ograniczonego użytkowania FAEE – fatty acids ethyl esters (in Polish), noise zone (in English) FlP – flash point ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials 3 «Not the mind from the books, but the books from the mind were created» Grigorii Skovoroda Introduction Transport sector is an important component of the economy that have an impact on the development and prosperity of the population. Rational use of fuels and lubricants, energy efficiency, environmental safety are included into the list of the most important problems of the modern world. Solving these problems determines in a great manner the sustainable development of the world economy and keeping comfort conditions for human being. Efficiency, reliability of operation of vehicles, rational use of operational materials depend on their correct selection. According to its quality operational materials must conform to both the model and operating conditions of vehicles. The use of poor quality materials leads to a decrease in the durability and reliability of machinery and machine parts; the use of materials of higher quality than required causes unreasonable increase in costs. The knowledge of machinery suggest not only the knowledge of construction, kinematic, dynamic, and temperature characteristics but also physico-chemical properties of constituent materials that are necessary for analyzing and forecasting of physico-chemical processes during use of a Fuels or a Lubricants. Thus, the efficiency and reliability of vehicles operation depends not only on their structural characteristics, but also on the optimal selection of Fuels and Lubricants, Technical Liquids and other Operational Materials. Work professional activity of specialists dedicated to petroleum refinery, organizing of storage, transportation and distribution of products, assurance of correspondence between the properties of Fuels, Lubricants, Technical liquids and the conditions of operation of technology and engines aimed at obtaining maximum technical, economical, ecological and social effects is called usage of Fuels, Lubricants and Technical liquids. To know Fuels, Lubricants and Technical liquids is to clearly understand the interconnection of quality parameters with physico-chemical and energy processes, occurring in the process of their use under specific conditions, and also the connection with their chemical and group composition. The knowledge of technology suggest not only the knowledge of construction, kinematic, dynamic, and temperature characteristics but also physico-chemical properties of constituent materials that are necessary for analyzing and forecasting of physico-chemical processes during use of a Fuel or a Lubricant. The study of the essence, regularity (tendens) and connections of phenomena and the processes of use of Fuels, Lubricants, Technical liquids in Aviation Technology with the help of special methodological tools is the base of Aviation Chemmotology. Aviation Chemmotology is a part of Chemmotology that studies and solves the problems of ensuring the necessary quality and application requirements of Fuels and Lubricants used in Aviation Technology. Chemmotological reliability is a reliability of technology depending on the Quality of Fuels and Lubricants (the ability of technology to maintain good reliability when operated with Fuels and Lubricants grades that are of a economically reasonable quality level). This monograph as an intergative scientific work of many scholars is a striking example of the representation of these aspects and really illustrates the modern consolidated work of scientists and practitioners, trends in the development of scientific schools of different universities, different countries and science in general. Because, as is know, science does not have borders. Scientific achievements are global civilizational heritage. 4 Chapter 1 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF CHEMMOTOLOGY, CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING DOI: doi.org/10.18372/38235 UDC: 547.912.66+665.7.038.64+665.65 1.1 THE PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF ASPHALT-RESIN-PARAFFIN DEPOSITS. PREVENTION AND UTILIZATION Olena Tertyshna, Kostiantyn Zamikula, Oleh Tertyshnyi Oil dispersed systems (ODS) contain asphaltenes, resins and paraffins which can promote the formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD) on the surfaces of process equipment. The rate of deposits formation is influenced by the oil composition, namely, the ratio of paraffins, resins and asphaltenes, and by the hydrodynamic and temperature conditions of its transportation, storage and processing [1]. Asphaltenes, peptized and stabilized by resins, are characterized by high melting points (300 оC) and are partly in the solid state in oil. They do not form a joint crystals or solid solutions with hydrocarbons, and serve only as centers of aggregation and crystallization. Resins in oil form true solutions and are located in the dispersion medium. Part of the resin, the pour point of which is close to the pour point of hydrocarbons, crystallizes forming mixed crystals or solid solutions. The other part forms the solvate shell around the solid particles. Asphaltenes behave as coagulants, resins – like peptizers, preventing the merging of crystals and the formation of spatial grid [1]. ARPD formation and growth are promoted by the temperature gradient which occurs in the near-wall layer of pipeline and heat exchangers as a result of raw material cooling. Typically, deposits are removed without prior analysis of the reasons of their formation and accumulation in various units of industrial equipment [2]. The creation of a well-founded kinetic model of ARPD formation and growth will allow to develop ways of deposition minimization, and in the future it will allow to prevent their formation. The kinetics of deposits formation from oil sample, which was taken from the storage tank at the refinery, was investigated. Oil characteristics of the content of potentially solid components are presented in Table 1. ARPD formation was studied using a method of «coldfinger test». A glass of oil (200 ml) was placed in a thermostatic bath, where with stirring at a speed of 120 Rev/min it was heated to the temperature of 30, 40 and 50 оC. The copper tube («coldfinger») with the surface of 744.45 mm2 was cooled with running water to a temperature of 10 оC. Preliminarily weighed and degreased tube was placed in the center of the glass with