The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology Edited by George Ritzer and J. Michael Ryan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology Edited by George Ritzer and J. Michael Ryan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2011 # 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of George Ritzer and J. Michael Ryan to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The concise encyclopedia of sociology / edited by George Ritzer and J. Michael Ryan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-8353-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-8352-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Sociology–Encyclopedias. I. Ritzer, George. II. Ryan, J. Michael. HM425.C66 2011 301.03–dc22 2010036832 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs 9781444392630; Wiley Online Library 9781444392654; ePub 9781444392647 Set in 9.5/11pt Ehrhardt by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2011 Contents Contributors vii Introduction xiv Acknowledgments xix Timeline xx Lexicon xxxviii Sociology A–Z 1 Index 701 Contributors Gabriele Abels, University of Tu¨bingen Peter Beyer, University of Ottawa Barry D. Adam, University of Windsor William Bezdek, Oakland University Michele Adams, Tulane University Alex Bierman, California State University, Patricia Adler, University of Colorado Northridge Peter Adler, University of Denver Nicole Woolsey Biggart, University of California, Michael Agar, University of Maryland Davis Kristine J. Ajrouch, Eastern Michigan University David B. Bills, University of Iowa Syed Farid Alatas, National University of Singapore Sam Binkley, Emerson College Richard Alba, University at Albany Jon Binnie, Manchester Metropolitan University Dawn Aliberti, Case Western Reserve University Manuela Boatca, Catholic University of Eichsta¨tt- Graham Allan, Keele University Ingolstadt Christopher W. Allinson, The University of Leeds Connie de Boer, University of Amsterdam Jutta Allmendinger, Social Science John Bongaarts, Population Council Research Center Berlin Kimberly Bonner, University of Maryland Mats Alvesson, Lunds Universitet Alfons Bora, Bielefeld University Hans van Amersfoort, University of Amsterdam Christine A. Bose, University at Albany, SUNY Peter B. Andersen, University of Copenhagen Geoffrey Bowker, Santa Clara University Eric Anderson, University of Bath Gaspar Brandle, Universidad de Murcia Christopher Andrews, University of Maryland David G. Bromley, Virginia Commonwealth Robert J. Antonio, University of Kansas University Lemonik Arthur, Rhode Island College Susan K. Brown Mikaila Mariel Lemonik Arthur, Clifton D. Bryant, Virginia Tech Rhode Island College Ian Buchanan, Cardiff University Elyshia Aseltine, University of Austin at Texas Claudia Buchmann, The Ohio State University Zeynep Atalay, University of Maryland Steven M. Buechler, Minnesota State University, Lonnie, Athens, Seton Hall University Mankato Muhammad Najib Azca, Universitas Gadjah Mada Dirk Bunzel, University of Oulu Abdallah M. Badahdah, University of North Dakota Melissa L. Burgess, Hans A. Baer, The University of Melbourne Marcos Burgos, The Graduate Center, The City Stephen J. Bahr, Brigham Young University University of New York Alan Bairner, Loughborough University Joseph Burke, Independent Researcher J. I. (Hans) Bakker, University of Guelph Peter J. Burke, University of California, Riverside Jack Barbalet, University of Western Sydney Tom R. Burns, Stanford University Kendra Barber, University of Maryland Roger Burrows, University of York Eileen Barker, London School of Economics and Ryan Calder, University of California, Berkeley Political Science Thomas Calhoun, Jackson State University Nina Baur, Technial University, Berlin Peter L. Callero, Western Oregon University Rob Beamish, Queen’s University John L. Campbell, Dartmouth College Thomas D. Beamish, University of California, Davis James R. Carey, University of California Davis Frank D. Bean, University of California, Irvine Dianne Cyr Carmody, Old Dominion University Dawn Beichner, Illinois state University Moira Carmody, University of Western Sydney David Bell, University of Leeds Laura M. Carpenter, Vanderbilt University T. J. Berard, Kent State University Deborah Carr, Rutgers University Mabel Berezin, Cornell University Michael C Carroll Joseph Berger Allison Carter, Rowan University Pierre van den Berghe, University of Washington Chris Carter, University of St Andrews Yasemin Besen-Cassino, Montclair State University Michael J. Carter, University of California, Riverside viii CONTRIBUTORS John M. Chamberlain, Gerard Delanty, University of Sussex J. K. Chambers, University of Toronto David H. Demo, University of North Carolina, Gordon C. Chang, University of California, Greensboro San Diego Kimy N. Dennis, North Carolina State University Jean Francois Chanlat, Universite´ Paris-Dauphine Rutledge M. Dennis, George Mason University Kathy Charmaz, Sonoma State University Esther Dermott, University of Bristol Christopher Chase-Dunn, University of California, Steve Derne, SUNY Geneseo Riverside Marjorie L. Devault, Syracuse University David Cheal, University of Winnipeg Joel A. Devine, Tulane University Roland Chilton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Mario Diani, Universita` degli studi di Trento James L. Chriss, Cleveland State University James Dickinson, Rider University Doris, Chu, Arakansas State University, Jonesboro Andreas Diekmann, Swiss Federal Institute of Peter, Chua, San Jose State University Techology, Zurich Jeffrey M. Clair Michele, Dillon, University of New Hampshire D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark, University of Illinois, Robert Dingwall, Director of Dingwall Enterprises: Urbana-Champaign Consulting, Research, Writing Jesse K. Clark, University of Georgia Karel Dobbelaere, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Adele E. Clarke, University of California School Nigel Dodd, The London School of Economics of Nursing Lena Dominelli, Durham University Stewart Clegg, University of Technology, Sydney Gwendolyn Dordick, The City College of New York, Jay Coakley, University of Colorado, Colorado CUNY Springs David Downes Rodney Coates, Miami University Rachel Dowty, Louisiana State University Allan Cochrane, The Open University Jaap Dronkers, European University Institute William C. Cockerham, University of Alabama, John Drysdale, American University Birmingham Harriet Orcutt Duleep, College of William and Mary Walker Connor, Trinity College Diana Dumais, University of New Hampshire Peter Conrad, Brandeis University Riley Dunlap, Oklahoma State University Daniel Thomas Cook, Rutgers University Jennifer Dunn, Southern Illinois University, Karen S. Cook, Stanford University Carbondale Mamadi Corra, East Carolina University Jennifer Earl, University of California, Santa Barbara Karen Corteen, University of Chester Martha Easton, Elmira College Zoe¨ Blumberg Corwin, University of Southern Bob, Edwards, East Carolina University California Rosalind, Edwards, London South Bank University Lloyd, Cox, Macquarie University Brad van Eeden-Moorefield, Ann Cronin, University of Surrey Noah Efron, Bar-Ilan University Graham Crow, University of Southhampton Anne Eisenberg, State University of New York Kyle Crowder, University of North Carolina, at Geneseo Chapel Hill S. N. Eisendstat, The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute Gregory J. Crowley, Coro Center for Civic Leadership Richard Ekins Geoff Cumming, La Trobe University Tony Elger, University of Warwick