National Park Service: Kiva, Cross, and Crown The photograph of Wahu Toya, identified by Edgar L. Hewett as "Wa-ng" and by Elsie Clews Parsons as "Francisco Kota or Waku," Table of Contents was taken at Jemez pueblo by John K. Hillers. B. M. Thomas Collection, Museum of New Mexico. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kcc/index.htm[8/14/2012 8:55:28 AM] National Park Service: Kiva, Cross, and Crown (Table of Contents) Cover Foreword Preface I The Invaders, 1540-1542 II The New Mexico: Preliminaries to Conquest, 1542-1595 III Oñate's Disenchantment, 1595-1617 IV The "Christianization" of Pecos, 1617-1659 V The Shadow of the Inquisition, 1659-1680 VI Their Own Worst Enemies, 1680-1704 VII Pecos and the Friars, 1704-1794 VIII Pecos, the Plains, and the Provincias Internas, 1704-1794 IX Toward Extinction, 1794-1840 Epilogue Appendices I Population II Notable Natives III The Franciscans IV Encomenderos and Alcaldes Mayores V Miera's 1758 Map of New Mexico Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index (omitted from the online edition) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kessell, John L. Kiva, cross, and crown. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kcc/contents.htm[8/14/2012 8:55:32 AM] National Park Service: Kiva, Cross, and Crown (Table of Contents) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Pecos, N.M.—History. 2. New Mexico—History— To 1948. I. Title. E99.P34K47 978.9'55 77-26691 This book has subsequently been republished by the Western National Parks Association. Cover. Three panels of the cover design symbolize the story of Pecos. At the top is Spain's royal coat of arms after a rendering by Pecos Alcalde mayor Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco. In the center stands a Pecos "captain" portrayed on pottery from the period of first contact between Spaniard and Pecos. And beneath, the crossed arms of Christ and St. Francis personify two centuries of Franciscan presence at the Pueblo. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kcc/contents.htm[8/14/2012 8:55:32 AM] National Park Service: Kiva, Cross, and Crown (Table of Contents) Top Previous Table of Contents Next http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kcc/contents.htm[8/14/2012 8:55:32 AM] National Park Service: Kiva, Cross, and Crown (Foreword) The National Park Service has custody not only of the nation's great scenic parks and recreational areas, but also of historic sites that are among our most prized national treasures. In antiquity and historical importance, few surpass Pecos National Monument (since redesignated Pecos National Historical Park), New Mexico, which preserves the impressive ruins of an Indian pueblo dating from prehistoric times and a Spanish mission from the Contents colonial period. Foreword Preface Set amid piñon-studded mesas with the snow-capped Sangre de Cristo peaks looming in the north, Pecos is unusually free of the works of the modern The Invaders world that inhibit a mental leap into the past. Here, a fortified native town 1540-1542 afforded the point of contact for trade between the Indians of the Great The New Plains and the Pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley. Here, Coronado obtained Mexico: the guide who led him in the fruitless quest for fabled Quivira. Here, Preliminaries to Spaniards built a succession of missions that endured, with one interlude, for Conquest almost two centuries. The interlude followed the bloody Pueblo Rebellion of 1542-1595 1680, in which the Pecos people participated prominently, and which drove the Spaniards from New Mexico for twelve years. The historic Santa Fe Oñate's Disenchantment Trail passed by Pecos in the nineteenth century. And a century after the last 1595-1617 remnant of this once-powerful people abandoned their town and joined kinsmen in another pueblo to the west, Pecos was the scene of momentous The developments in the history of American archaeology. Here, fifty years ago, "Christianization" the late Alfred V. Kidder shared with his colleagues his brilliant of Pecos 1617-1659 breakthrough findings on cultural sequences. At those "Pecos Conference" meetings, which continue today, the fruits of the studies in Southwestern The Shadow of archaeology are presented and discussed. Truly does Pecos National the Inquisition Historical Park boast a long and engrossing history and tangible remains that 1659-1680 are graphically evocative of its past. Their Own Worst Enemies Pecos National Monument became a unit of the National Park System in 1680-1704 1965 and was redesignated Pecos National Historical Park in 1990. Although long a subject of interest and study for professional historians and Pecos and the archaeologists, whole chapters of its story remained vague or unknown. Friars 1704-1794 Much, it was predicted, would be found recorded in old Spanish script on documents buried in the archives of Spain or Mexico. We turned to Dr. John Pecos, the Plains, L. Kessell for aid in searching out these documents and weaving their and the elusive Pecos threads into a richer fabric of history than has hitherto been Provincias available. The choice of Dr. Kessell was indeed fortunate, as we knew it Internas 1704-1794 would be. Once a historian for the National Park Service, he returned to school for postgraduate work and has since devoted his career to full-time Toward research and writing. Several fine books on the history of Spain in the Extinction Southwest show him to be a meticulous, thorough researcher and an 1794-1840 outstanding stylist. He carries on the traditions of Herbert E. Bolton, the Epilogue great historian of the Spanish Borderlands. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kcc/foreword.htm[8/14/2012 8:55:35 AM] National Park Service: Kiva, Cross, and Crown (Foreword) Abbreviations Dr. Kessell's history of Pecos fully meets the standards of excellence set by Notes his previous books. He has brought to his task insights based on long study Bibliography of original sources and first-hand experience with the actual places where his history was made. He has given us what we wanted—a firm base for the management and interpretation of Pecos National Historical Park. But he has given us much more as well—solid history that is also good reading. Here is the story of real people, of friars and conquistadors, colonial governors and common bowmen, of Indian caciques, simple communicants, war captains, rebels and patriots. The National Park Service is proud to publish this book for the edification and pleasure of both the specialist and the general reader. F. Ross Holland Jr. Chief, Division of Cultural Resources Management National Park Service June, 1978 Top Previous Table of Contents Next http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kcc/foreword.htm[8/14/2012 8:55:35 AM] National Park Service: Kiva, Cross, and Crown (Foreword) The ruins of Cicúique are still to be seen at the site where [Hernando de] Alvarado visited it, close by the modern town of Pecos. This is one of the most historic spots in the Southwest, for in every era since it was first seen by Alvarado as the guest of Bigotes, it has occupied a distinctive position in all the major Contents developments of the region. It was the gateway for Pueblo Foreword Indians when they went buffalo hunting on the Plains; a two- Preface way pass for barter and war between Pueblos and Plains tribes; a portal through the mountains for Spanish explorers, traders, The Invaders and buffalo hunters; for the St. Louis caravan traders with Santa 1540-1542 Fe; for pioneer Anglo-American settlers; for Spanish and Saxon The New Indian fighters; for Civil War armies; and for a transcontinental Mexico: railroad passing through the Southwest. Pecos deserves an Preliminaries to historian. Conquest 1542-1595 Herbert E. Bolton, Coronado, Knight of Pueblos and Plains, 1949 Oñate's Disenchantment 1595-1617 Another project definitely planned was a study of the documentary history of Pecos and other Rio Grande Pueblos. The This, most unfortunately, was never done. "Christianization" of Pecos Alfred Vincent Kidder, 1617-1659 Pecos, New Mexico, 1958 The Shadow of the Inquisition 1659-1680 So wrote Bolton and Kidder, the twin war gods of Southwestern history and archaeology. Although neither of them produced such a study himself, they Their Own Worst Enemies were agreed. Pecos, that evocative "mess of ruins" twenty-five miles 1680-1704 southeast of Santa Fe, was worthy. Pecos and the Here then is a beginning, an historical documentary of the eastern fortress- Friars pueblo from earliest Spanish contact in 1540, to abandonment three hundred 1704-1794 years later. It is largely narrative, written in the active rather than the Pecos, the Plains, passive, largely biographical, concerned more with people than with inert and the phenomena. I have tried throughout to let the juices flow, the stuff of life Provincias that wells up in the documents, convinced that we historians too often Internas squeeze them out in the interest of neat and dry, methodical monographs. 1704-1794 Toward I have made every effort to get to the documents. In no case have I cited in Extinction the notes an archival source without having seen the Spanish myself, 1794-1840 whether the original, a photographic copy, or a transcript. Such an approach would have been hopeless without the previous researches of France V. Epilogue Scholes, Eleanor B. Adams, Fray Angelico Chavez, and a score of others http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kcc/preface.htm[8/14/2012 8:55:38 AM] National Park Service: Kiva, Cross, and Crown (Foreword) Abbreviations who charted pertinent islands in the oceans of material. I have rechecked and Notes revised others' translations—not because I mistrusted George P.