the sanctity of louis ix The Sanctity of Louis IX Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres Translated by Larry F. Field Edited and Introduced by M. Cecilia Gaposchkin and Sean L. Field Cornell University Press Ithaca and London Copyright © 2014 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2014 by Cornell University Press First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2014 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The sanctity of Louis IX : early lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres / translated by Larry F. Field ; edited and introduced by M. Cecilia Gaposchkin and Sean L. Field. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-5137-9 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8014-7818-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Louis IX, King of France, 1214–1270. 2. France—Kings and rulers— Biography. 3. Christian saints—France—Biography. I. Field, Larry F., translator. II. Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia (Marianne Cecilia), 1970– editor of compilation. III. Field, Sean L. (Sean Linscott), 1970– editor of compilation. IV. Geoffrey, of Beaulieu, died approximately 1274. Vita et sancta conuersatio piae memoriae Lvdovici quondam Regis Francorum. English. V. William, of Chartres, approximately 1225–approximately 1280. De vita et actibus inclytae recordationis Regis Francorum Ludouici. English. VI. Title: Life and comportment of Louis, former King of the Franks, of pious memory. VII. Title: On the life and deeds of Louis, King of the Franks of famous memory, and on the miracles which declare his sanctity. DC91.A2S26 2014 944'.023092—dc23 [B] 2013023199 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fi bers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Discipulis nostris Contents List of Figures and Maps ix Preface xi List of Abbreviations xiii Note on Sources and Translation Policies xv Introduction 1 1. Three Early Letters on the Sanctity of Louis IX 61 2. Geoffrey of Beaulieu’s Life and Saintly Comportment of Louis, Former King of the Franks, of Pious Memory 69 3. William of Chartres’ On the Life and Deeds of Louis, King of the Franks of Famous Memory, and on the Miracles That Declare His Sanctity 129 4. Pope Boniface VIII’s Bull Gloria Laus 160 Appendix: The Manuscript and Printing Histories of the Texts 173 Select Bibliography 185 Index 191 vii Figures and Maps Figures 1. Louis IX carrying the Crown of Thorns 5 2. Autograph letter of William of Chartres 35 3. The opening page of Geoffrey of Beaulieu’s vita 70 4. The opening page of William of Chartres’ vita 130 5. The sealed original of Boniface VIII’s canonization bull 161 Maps 1. Thirteenth-century France and the Ile-de-France region xviii 2. Europe and the Mediterranean 12 3. Paris about 1270 28 ix Preface Louis IX of France (r. 1226–70) is one of the iconic fi gures of the European Middle Ages, among the most famous kings and best-known saints of the high medieval period. This volume offers the fi rst English translations of two of the earliest and most important accounts of his life: the vitae (saint’s lives) by the Dominicans Geoffrey of Beaulieu (written around 1274–75) and William of Chartres (written shortly thereafter). The vitae are preceded by translations of three closely associated letters: one relat- ing Louis IX’s death, written by his successor Philip III from North Africa on 12 September 1270 and entrusted to Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres to carry back to the churches of France; a second in which Pope Gregory X on 4 March 1272 asked Geoffrey to send him his recol- lections of Louis; and a third from the Dominican Provincial Chapter of France (the province to which Geoffrey and William both belonged as friars) to the College of Cardinals dated 8 September 1275 urging Louis’ canonization. Taken together, these vitae and related texts demonstrate how Louis IX was being remembered and promoted in the years imme- diately following his death, before the formal canonization proceedings of 1282–83 that led to his offi cial enrollment in the catalogue of saints in 1297. For purposes of thematic and chronological comparison the vol- ume also includes Boniface VIII’s canonization bull itself, here translated into English for the fi rst time. The introduction provides background information on Louis IX and his two Dominican biographers, analysis of the historical context of the 1270s, and a thematic analysis of the texts. Although this material is geared toward students, much of it should be of interest to specialists as well, since Geoffrey and William are little-known fi gures and this early period in the development of Louis’ hagiographic legend has often been overlooked. Finally, in an appendix (aimed at specialists) we include an essay on the manuscript and early printing histories of our texts. xi We would like to thank Peter Potter at Cornell University Press for his support from the beginning of this project, the press’s anonymous read- ers for corrections and critiques, and Gavin Lewis for expert copy edit- ing. Sean Field thanks the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Vermont for a Lattie Coor Faculty Development Award, and Cecilia Gaposchkin thanks the Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for a Faculty Research Grant; these awards made possible essential manuscript- checking trips to Paris. Sean Field would also like to thank his students in History 195 and 224 in 2011–12 for testing out the translations and cri- tiquing the introduction. Our particular thanks are due to Elizabeth A. R. Brown, Adam Davis, Xavier Hélary, Anne E. Lester, Patricia Stirnemann, and Simon Tugwell, O.P., for their expert help, to William Chester Jordan for years of encouragement (and for reminding us of Louis’ dark side), and to Charlotte Denoël and Ghislain Brunel for kindly facilitating access to manuscripts and documents at the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Archives nationales de France. Finally, our deepest thanks goes to each of our families, for years of understanding support. A fi nal word about how this co-authored book took shape. Larry Field handled the initial work of translation, while Sean Field checked existing editions of the texts against extant manuscripts. Cecilia Gaposchkin and Sean Field then edited, revised, and provided notes for the translation, and wrote the introduction and appendix. Everything was then passed back and forth between all three contributors in multiple drafts, until ev- eryone could live with the result. Sean and Cecilia, however, would like to credit any particularly inspired translation choices to Larry Field’s origi- nal rendering of the Latin, while hoping that the editing process did not introduce an excessive amount of clunky literal-mindedness. xii Preface Abbreviations AD Archives départementales AN Paris, Archives nationales de France BL Beatus Ludovicus, in Blessed Louis, the Most Glorious of Kings: Texts Relating to the Cult of Saint Louis of France, ed. M. Cecilia Gaposchkin, trans. with Phyllis Katz (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012), 106–51 BnF Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France HLF Histoire littéraire de la France, 41 vols. (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1832–1974) Kaeppeli, SoP Thomas Kaeppeli, with Emilio Panella, Scriptores ordinis Praedicatorum, 4 vols. (Rome: Ad S. Sabinae, 1970–93) om. Omitted (words in one version of a text that occur in another version) PL J.-P. Migne, ed., Patrologiae cursus completus . Series latina, 221 vols. (Paris: Migne, 1844–64) Quétif and Echard, SOP Jacques Quétif and Jacques Echard, eds., Scriptores ordi- nis Praedicatorum recensiti, 2 vols. (Paris, 1719–21; reprint, New York: Burt Franklin, 1959) RHGF M. Bouquet et al., eds., Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, 24 vols. (Paris, 1738–1876). (Individual volumes in this series are cited by volume number in the introduction and appendix, but without volume num- bers in chapters 2, 3, and 4, where only one volume is cited throughout each chapter. For full bibliographical details, see the Note on Sources and Translation Policies below.) xiii WSP, Vie William of Saint-Pathus, Vie de saint Louis, ed. H. François Delaborde, Collection de textes pour ser- vir à l’étude et à l’enseignement de l’histoire 27 (Paris: A. Picard, 1899) WSP, Miracles Percival B. Fay, ed., Guillaume de Saint-Pathus, confes- seur de la reine Marguerite: Les miracles de saint Louis (Paris: Champion, 1932) xiv Abbreviations Note on Sources and Translation Policies For a more substantial treatment of the manuscript and printing his- tories of these texts, and further details on editorial policies behind our translations, the reader should consult the appendix. The editions and manuscripts that served as the base texts for our translations must be listed here briefl y, however, to explain references in the notes. Philip III’s letter is based on the version printed in Guérard, Cartulaire de l’église Notre-Dame de Paris, vol. 1 (Paris: Crapelet, 1850), 189–92 (#CCLVII), compared with BnF ms. lat. 5526, fols. 138r–139v (the basis for Guérard’s edition), and lat.