DYNAMICS OF CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING IN TRIBIAI. ECONOMIES­ A STUDY OF NON—TIMBER FOREST PRODUCE MARKETINOWIN KERALA {/1 5 ' A - I. .E- z_L-F."-7"*"\v“' ..­ ;' IV ’ ­".:,. _ A. ' C.If’ -V _ , T , Thesis submitted to the Cochin University of Science and Technology for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY under the Faculty of Social Sciences By PHILIP THOMAS Under the supelvision of Dr. M. MEERA BAI DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ECONOMICS COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COCHIN—682 022. KERALA MAY 1996 COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOIZOGY5 DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ECONOMICSI K; Telephone: 85-6030 KOCHI- 682 022 KERALA,|ND|A CERTIFICATE Certified that the thesis "DYNAMICS OF CO-OPRATIVE MARKETING IN ‘TRIBAL ECONOMIBS- A STUDY OF NON—TIMBER FOREST PRODUCE MARKETING IN KERALA" is the record of bonafide research carried out by Mr. Philip Thomas under my guidance. The thesis is worth submitting for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Sciences. ,X I_I I/ .4._. , .V'_ I' C/' . I Cochin Dr. M. Meera1 _ Bai_ _ _ Date: 14.5.1996. (Supervising guide) DECLARATION I declare that the thesis entitled "DYNAMICS OF CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING IN TRIBAL ECONOMIES- A STUDY OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCE MARKETING IN KERALA” is the record of bonafide research carried out by me under the supervision of Dr.M. Meera Bai. Lecturer. Department of Applied Economics. Cochin University of Science and Technology. I further declare that this has not previously formed the basis of the award of any degree, diploma, associateship. fellowship or other similar titles of recognition. Cochin—22 Phi 1”‘ 1 En’?(;g__1_P__ éi°k5___ Date: 14-5-1996. ACKNOWLEDGMENT " Acknowledgment I wish to express my indebtedness and sincere gratitude to Dr.M.Meera Bai, Lecturer, Dept. of Applied Economics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, for her invaluable guid­ ance and wholehearted support through out the study. My boundless gratitude is due to Dr.K.C.Sankaranarayanan, Director, School of Social Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, for his motivation and invaluable guidance. But for his patience and timely help throughout the course of my thesis, this work would not have been possible. I owe a lot to the Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi for the award of Open Doctoral Fellowship for pursuing this course. I also thank Dr. E.G.Silas, the then Vice Chan­ cellor, Kerala Agricultural University for permitting me to undertake the research work. I express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr.M.K_.Sukumaran Nair, Dr.Rajasenan, Professors, Dept. of Appl_ied Economics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, for their valuable sug­ gestions regarding the issues involved in the study. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr.M.Mohandas, Associate Dean, College of Coop­ eration and Banking and Dr.N.Rajan Nair, Professor and Head, Dept. of Rural Marketing Manage­ ment, College of Cooperation and Banking, Kerala Agricultural University with whom I had en­ lightened discussions. I will be failing in my duty if I do not express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr.K.P.Mani, Assistant Professor, College of Co-operation and Banking, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, for reading the manuscript and making valuable suggestions. I am gratefiil to Srileffrey Y. Cambell, Programe Officer, Ford Foundation, New Delhi, Dr.M.P Shiva, Managing Director, Centre for Minor Forest Products, DehraDun, Sri. R.B.Mathur I.F.S. (retd.), Centre for Minor Forest Products, DehraDun, Dr.Walter Fernandez, Indian Social Institute, New Delhi, who inspired me to work in this direction and provided the right perspective for the study. I have had the benefit of getting the comments and criticisms of a number of people. Among them, Dr. N.Mohanan, Deputy Director, National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad, Dr.Kunhaman, Reader, Kerala University, Dr.Balakn'shnan, Reader, Dept. of Statistics, Cochin Uni­ versity of Science and Technology, Dr. K.A. Suresh and Sri.Philip Sabu Assistant Professors, Col­ lege of Co-operation and Banking, Kerala Agricultural University, Sri.Kumaran and Sajeev.V. P. Research Scholars, Cochin University of Science and Technology, deserve special mention. I am grateful to them for the discussions I had with them in the various stages of my work. My sincere thanks are to Dr.P.C.Mathew and Dr. N.Raveendranathan, Professors College of Cooperation and Banking Kerala Agricultural University for their kind cooperation in completing this work. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr.K. Krishnan Nampoothiri, Lecturer, School of Management Studies, and Dr. G.Antony, Reader School of Management studies Cochin University of Science and Technology, for their valuable guidance in the early stages of my thesis work. My sincere thanks are due to Managing Director, Branch Managers and staffs of SC/ST Federation, Thiruvananthapuram and Dr.D.Ramanadhan, Managing Director, Seetharam Ayurvedic Pharmacy Thrissur, for their whole hearted cooperation and timely supply of relevant information for the study. I am specially indebted to the tribes of the study regions for the wealth of infomiation they supplied to me in informal conversations. Without their friendly and inspiring cooperation, such a work would have been impossible. I will be failing in my duty if I don't gratefully acknowledge the cooperation and sincere help received from Miss.Elizabeth, Librarian, Dept. of Applied Economics, Cochin University of Science and Technology. My sincere thanks are due to Sri. Unni, Sri George, Smt.K.K.Ambika and Smt.Indira, Sec­ tion Ofiicers, Mr.Rajan, Asst. Registrar Cochin University of Science and Technology, who took real interest to get things done during the course of the study. My heartful thanks are due to the librarians of Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi, Indian Council of Social Science Research, New Delhi, Forest Research Institute, DehraDun, Centre for Minor Forest Prod­ ucts, DehraDun, National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, and College of Co-operation and Banking,I(crala Agricultural Uni­ versity, Marmuthy, Thrissur. The analysis of data was mostly done at Centre for Research and Consultancy, Emakulam.I am greatefiil to all those at the Centre, particularly to Dr. Ajith Kurnar. N, Sri. Krishna Kumar, Sri Reji Raman and Miss. Suja. My sincere and deep hearted thanks to my beloved parents, brothers particularly Mr.Jose A.T and sisters who are always a major source of inspiration to me. I wish to express my warmest feelings towards my wife Mini and my Kids Chinnu and Minnu. I really missed them during the course of my research work. It would have been impossible for me to complete the thesis without their cooperation and moral support. My duty is complete only by thanking The Almighty for the timely completion of my task. Cochin14-5-1996. - 22, Philip Thomas CONTENTS CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE No. LIST OF TABLES DESIGN OF THE STUDY 1-28 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 29-62 TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT IN KERALA 63-104 COLLECTION AND MARKETING OF NTFP - AN OVERVIEW 105-168 PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA 169-220 VI COLLECTION AND MARKETING OF NTFP BY TRIBES 221-282 VII INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE AND ITS LINKAGE WITH C0-OPERATIVE MARKETING SOCIETIES IN KERALA 283-304 VIII PARTICIPATION AND RESPONSE ANALYSIS 305-332 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 333-357 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF TABLES Table No. TITLE Page No. 3.1 Tribal Population of Kerala-District—wise 64 from 1961-1991 3.2 District ST Population as Percentage of 67 State ST Population-1991 Census 3.3 Domination of Tribal Communities in the 70 Districts of Kerala 3.4 Age and Sex-Composition of ST Population 71 of Kerala 3.5 Literacy of STs of Kerala from 1961-1991 73 3.6 Occupational Status of Tribal Population 75 of Kerala 1971-1991 3.7 Distribution of Tribal Households by Size 77 of Landholdings 3.8 Plan Outlay and Expenditure for Tribal 81 Development Programmes in India 3.9 Rural Development in Kerala Outlays and 83 Expenditures 3.10 Investment for Tribal Development in 86 Kerala—outlay and Expenditure from 1984 to 1994 3.11 District-wise Investment for Tribal 87 Development and Tribal Population of Districts- A Comparison 1965-86 to 1993-94 3.12 Sector-wise Investment on Tribal 90 Development in Kerala (1987-88 to 1992-93) 3.13 Number of Tribal Families Living Below 91 Poverty Line 3.14 Sectors Through Which the Families 93 Crossed the Poverty Line 1992-93 & 1993-94 3.15 ITDP Projects and the Area Covered 96 .16 Marketing Facilities in ITDP Area 97 Net Economic Values of NTFP 106 Area Under Different Forest Types and 113 Forest Plantations in Kerala Lease Rent Remittance 1982-83 to 119 1991-1992 Region wise Remittance of Lease Rent 120 1982-83 to 1991-92 Number of Ranges Alloted to Each Region 121 1982-83 to 1991-92 No. tof TCS. Membership and the NTFP 122 Collectors from 1982-83 to 1991-92 in Kerala Collection of NTFP by TCS from 1982-83 to 130 1993-94 Compound Growth Rate (CGR) and the 131 Average Annual Growth Rate(AAR) of the Collection of (kg) NTFP in Kerala­ 1982-83 to 1993-94 Collection and Marketing of NTFP in 133 Kerala- Region wise 1982-83 to 1993-94 Stock of Medicinal Items 1982-83 to 135 1988-89 .10 Stock of Oil Seeds 1982-83 to 1988-89 136 .11 Stock of Spices-1982-83 to 1988-89 137 .12 Stock of Edible Items 1982-83 to 1988-89 138 .13 Stock of Dye and Paint Items 1988-89 139 -h-b-I.‘-B-B .14 Stock of Other Non-medicinal Items 140 1982-83 to