The StringTokenizer Class • The StringTokenizer class is used to recover the words or tokens in a multi- word String – You can use whitespace characters to separate each token, or you can specify the characters you wish to use as separators – In order to use the StringTokenizer class, be sure to include the following at the start of the file: import java.util.StringTokenizer; Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-1 Some Methods in the StringTokenizer Class (Part 1 of 2) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-2 Some Methods in the StringTokenizer Class (Part 2 of 2) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-3 How to convert a string to a number • Java has a method parseInt in class Integer to convert a string to an int. • Example • Integer.parseInt(“23”) returns 23 • Integer.parseInt(“-23”) returns -23 • Java has a method parseDouble in class Double to convert a string to a double. • Example • Double.parseDouble(3.45) returns 3.45. Problem to consider • The user types in a name, an age and a salary, separated by commas. • A name may have the first name, (optionally) a middle name and a last name. Some examples are given below: • John Thomas Schreiber, 35, 2564.67 • Margaret Thomson, 25, 3215.26 • The problem is to find & display the last name, the age and the salary. • Example: • C:\212Fall08\lectures>java Oct7 • Type a line of text, followed by a CR • John Thomas Schreiber, 35, 2564.67 • Last Name is Schreiber • Salary is 2564.67 • C:\212Fall08\lectures>java Oct7 • Type a line of text, followed by a CR • Margaret Thomson, 25, 3215.26 • Last Name is Thomson • Salary is 3215.26 import java.util.*; public class Oct7{ public static void main(String a[]){ String inputString, firstName, middleName, lastName, ageString; int age, numTokens; double salary; StringTokenizer myTokens; Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Type a line of text"); inputString = keyboard.nextLine(); myTokens = new StringTokenizer(inputString, ", "); numTokens = myTokens.countTokens(); firstName = myTokens.nextToken(); if (numTokens == 5){ middleName = myTokens.nextToken(); } lastName = myTokens.nextToken(); ageString = myTokens.nextToken(); age = Integer.parseInt(ageString); salary = Double.parseDouble(myTokens. nextToken()); System.out.println("Last Name is " + lastName); System.out.println("Salary is " + salary); } } Introduction to Classes • Classes are the most important language feature that make object-oriented programming (OOP) possible • Programming in Java consists of defining a number of classes – Every program is a class – All helping software consists of classes – All programmer-defined types are classes • Classes are central to Java • We have seen a few classes – String, Scanner, StringTokenizer and the applications we designed. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-8 Class Definitions • You already know how to use classes and the objects created from them, and how to invoke their methods – For example, you have already been using the predefined String and Scanner classes • Now you will learn how to define your own classes and their methods, and how to create your own objects from them Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-9 A Class Is a Type • A class is a special kind of programmer-defined type, and variables can be declared of a class type • A value of a class type is called an object or an instance of the class – If A is a class, then the phrases • "b is of type A," • "b is an object of the class A," and • "b is an instance of the class A" mean the same thing • A class determines the types of data (properties of the class) that an object can contain, as well as the actions it can perform (capabilities of the class) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-10 Primitive Type Values vs. Class Type Values • A primitive type value is a single piece of data • A class type value or object can have multiple pieces of data (properties), as well as actions (or capabilities) called methods – All objects of a class have the same methods – All objects of a class have the same pieces of data (i.e., name, type, and number) – For a given object, each piece of data holds a value – These pieces of data describe the object. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-11 The Contents of a Class Definition • A class definition specifies the data items and methods that all of its objects will have • These data items and methods are sometimes called members of the object • Data items are called fields or instance variables • Instance variable declarations and method definitions can be placed in any order within the class definition Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-12 The new Operator • An object of a class is named or declared by a variable of the class type: ClassName classVar; • The new operator must then be used to create the object and associate it with its variable name: classVar = new ClassName(); • These can be combined as follows: ClassName classVar = new ClassName(); Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-13 A class definition is as follows: public class MyClass{ // You define all the properties of an object of MyClass // Each property is an instance variable // You define each capability of an object. // Each capability is a method. // We will discuss other things (e.g., static variables later) } After defining a class we can define a variable of that class. That variable can point at an object of that class. public class MyTestClass{ public static void main(String a[]){ MyClass p1, p2; // p1 and p2 can point to objects of class MyClass p1 = new MyClass(); // I am creating an object of class MyClass // p1 is pointing at that. p2 = p1; // p2 is also pointing at the same object that p1 is pointing at. …… } } Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-14 Instance Variables and Methods • Instance variables can be defined as in the following two examples – Note the public modifier (for now): public String instanceVar1; public int instanceVar2; Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-15 Instance Variables and Methods • Method definitions are divided into two parts: a heading and a method body: public void myMethod() Heading { code to perform some action Body and/or compute a value } Methods are invoked using the name of the calling object and the method name as follows: classVar.myMethod(…); Invoking a method is equivalent to executing the method body Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-16 File Names and Locations • Reminder: a Java file must be given the same name as the class it contains with an added .java at the end – For example, a class named MyClass must be in a file named MyClass.java • Eclipse takes care of this naming convention. • For now, your program and all the classes it uses should be in the same directory or folder Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-17 More About Methods • There are two kinds of methods: – Methods that compute and return a value – Methods that perform an action • This type of method does not return a value, and is called a void method • It is not a good idea to have the same method responsible for multiple objectives. • Each type of method differs in how it is defined as well as how it is (usually) invoked Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-18 More About Methods • A method that returns a value must specify the type of that value in its heading: public typeReturned methodName(paramList) • A void method uses the keyword void in its heading to show that it does not return a value : public void methodName(paramList) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-19 main is a void Method • An application in Java is just a class that has a main method • When you give a command to run a Java program, the run-time system invokes the method main • Note that main is a void method, as indicated by its heading: public static void main(String[] args) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-20 return Statements • The body of both types of methods contains a list of declarations and statements enclosed in a pair of braces public <void or typeReturned> myMethod() { declarations Body statements } Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-21 return Statements • The body of a method that returns a value must also contain one or more return statements – A return statement specifies the value returned and ends the method invocation: return Expression; – Expression can be any expression that evaluates to something of the type returned listed in the method heading Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-22 return Statements • A void method need not contain a return statement, unless there is a situation that requires the method to end before all its code is executed • In this context, since it does not return a value, a return statement is used without an expression: return; Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-23 Method Definitions • An invocation of a method that returns a value can be used as an expression anyplace that a value of the typeReturned can be used: typeReturned tRVariable; tRVariable = objectName.methodName(); • An invocation of a void method is simply a statement: objectName.methodName(); Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 4-24 Any Method Can Be Used As a void Method • A method that returns a value can also perform an action • If you want the action performed, but do not need the returned value, you can invoke the method as if it were a void method, and the returned value will be discarded: objectName.returnedValueMethod(); (This is not recommended) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley.