NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PLANT PEST MANAGEMENT NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PLANT PEST MANAGEMENT Edited by Nawal K. Dubey Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Natural products in plant pest management / edited by N.K. Dubey. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-671-6 (alk. paper) 1. Natural pesticides. 2. Agricultural pests–Control. 3. Plant products. I. Dubey, N. K. II. Title. SB951.145.N37N394 2011 632′.96–dc22 2010020068 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 671 6 Commissioning editor: Sarah Mellor Production editor: Fiona Chippendale Typeset by AMA Dataset, Preston, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham. Contents Contributors vii Preface ix 1. Global Scenario on the Application of Natural Products in Integrated Pest Management Programmes 1 N.K. Dubey, Ravindra Shukla, Ashok Kumar, Priyanka Singh and Bhanu Prakash 2. Plant Products in the Control of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi on Food Commodities 21 Sonia Marín, Vicente Sanchis and Antonio J. Ramos 3. Natural Products from Plants: Commercial Prospects in Terms of Antimicrobial, Herbicidal and Bio-stimulatory Activities in an Integrated Pest Management System 42 J.C. Pretorius and E. van der Watt 4. Antimicrobials of Plant Origin to Prevent the Biodeterioration of Grains 91 K.A. Raveesha 5. Some Natural Proteinaceous and Polyketide Compounds in Plant Protection and their Potential in Green Consumerization 109 L.A. Shcherbakova 6. Natural Products as Allelochemicals in Pest Management 134 Roman Pavela v vi Contents 7. Potency of Plant Products in Control of Virus Diseases of Plants 149 H.N. Verma and V.K. Baranwal 8. Phytochemicals as Natural Fumigants and Contact Insecticides Against Stored-product Insects 175 Moshe Kostyukovsky and Eli Shaaya 9. Prospects of Large-scale Use of Natural Products as Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticides in Developing Countries 191 D.B. Olufolaji 10. Current Status of Natural Products in Pest Management with Special Reference to Brassica carinata as a Biofumigant 205 María Porras 11. Fungal Endophytes: an Alternative Source of Bioactive Compounds for Plant Protection 218 R.N. Kharwar and Gary Strobel 12. Suppressive Effects of Compost Tea on Phytopathogens 242 Mila Santos, Fernando Diánez and Francisco Carretero 13. Biotechnology: a Tool for Natural Product Synthesis 263 Sanath Hettiarachi Index 280 Contributors V.K. Baranwal, Advanced Centre of Plant Virology, I.A.R.I, New Delhi, India. E-mail: [email protected] Francisco Carretero, Plant Production Department. University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano. 04120 Almería, Spain N.K. Dubey, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India. E-mail: [email protected] Fernando Diánez, Plant Production Department. University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano. 04120 Almería, Spain Sanath Hettiarachi, Department of Botany, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka. Email: [email protected] R.N. Kharwar, Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Lab, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India. E-mail: [email protected] Moshe Kostyukovsky, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Israel, Bet Dagan, P.O. Box 6, 50250, Israel. E-mail: [email protected] Ashok Kumar, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005, India Sonia Marín, Food Technology Department, Lleida University, XaRTA-UTPV, Lleida, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] D.B. Olufolaji, Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, The Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure. Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Roman Pavela, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, Prague 6 – Ruzyne, Czech Republic. E-mail: [email protected] María Porras, Department of Crop Protection, IFAPA Centro Las Torres – Tomejil, Aptdo. 41200-Alcalá del Río, Sevilla, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] Bhanu Prakash, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India vii viii Contributors J.C. Pretorius, Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] Antonio J. Ramos, Food Technology Department, Lleida University, XaRTA- UTPV, Lleida, Spain K.A. Raveesha, Herbal Drug Technology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, India. E-mail: [email protected] Vicente Sanchis, Food Technology Department, Lleida University, XaRTA-UTPV, Lleida, Spain Mila Santos, Plant Production Department. University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] Eli Shaaya, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Israel, Bet Dagan, P.O. Box 6, 50250, Israel L.A. Shcherbakova, Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, VNIIF, B., Vyazyomy, Moscow reg., 143050, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Ravindra Shukla, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005, India Priyanka Singh, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005, India Gary Strobel, Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA E. van der Watt, Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa H.N. Verma, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India. E-mail: [email protected] Preface The ever increasing global population needs substantial resources for food production. However, food production as well as its protection is imperative. The situation gets particularly critical in developing countries where the net food production rate is slowing down relative to the population rise. The world food situation is aggravated by the fact that, in spite of all the available means of plant protection, a major fraction of the yearly output of food com- modities gets destroyed by various pests including bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, rodents and nematodes. The production of mycotoxins by fungi has added new dimensions to the gravity of the problem. Losses at times are severe enough to lead to famine in large areas of the world that are densely populated and dependent on agriculture. The use of synthetic pesticides has undoubtedly contributed to a green revolution in different countries through increased crop protection. How- ever, recent years witnessed considerable pressure on consumers and farm- ers to reduce or even eliminate the deployment of synthetic pesticides in agriculture owing to environmental risks emerging from their indiscriminate use. Thus, there has been renewed interest in botanical pesticides as the alter- native and eco-chemical option in pest management. It is also imperative for sustainable agriculture to reduce the incidence of pests and crop diseases to a degree that does not seriously damage the farmer’s products and also to develop cost-effective strategies with minimal ecological side effects. The use of locally available plants in the control of pests is an age-old technology in many parts of the world. Some plants, namely Derris, Nicotiana and Ryania, were used to combat agricultural pests during the prehistoric era. Used widely until the 1940s, such botanical pesticides have been par- tially replaced by synthetic pesticides that are easier to procure and longer lasting. Higher plants, in this respect, harbour numerous compounds that may offer resistance to pathogens. There has been a renewed interest in botanical ix x Preface antimicrobials owing to various distinct advantages. Botanicals, being the natural derivatives, are biodegradable, and do not leave toxic residues or byproducts to contaminate the environment. The main thrust of recent research in the area has been to evolve alternative control strategies that eventually reduce dependency on synthetic fungicides. Recently, in different parts of the world, emphasis has been placed on exploitation of higher plant products as the novel chemotherapeutants for plants because of their non- toxicity, systemicity and biodegradability. To date, different plant products have been formulated as botanical pesticides for large-scale applications for the eco-friendly management of plant pests and as an alternative to synthetic pesticides in crop management. These products are cost-effective and have low toxicity to humans and livestock. Therefore, such products from higher plants may be exploited as the eco-chemical and biorational approach in integrated plant protection programmes. The interests and trends in the modern society for ‘green consumerism’ involving fewer synthetic ingredi- ents in the agriculture industry may favour the approval of plant-based products as the safe alternative strategy in managing plant pests. Natural plant chemicals