Appendix A: Biographies of Travellers and Travel Writers The biographical notes are a supplement to the prosopography of travellers in Chapter 1. There are, however, additional biographies of authors not included in the sample or in Bevis' list. An asterisk indicates authors in the sample. *Amherst, Baroness Mary Rothes Margaret Cecil (1857-1919), trav­ eller, amateur archaeologist and collector of Egyptian antiquities. Eldest daughter of Lord Amherst and Margaret Susan Mitford; married Lord William Cecil. Margaret Cecil occasionally published in the Annales du Service des Antiquities. She is best known for her travel-book, Birds Notes from the Nile (1904). *Arbuthnot, Lady Ann (n.d., 1882), traveller, daughter of Field­ marshal Sir John Fitzgerald; married Sir Robert Arbuthnot; lived intermittently in Egypt. 'Lady Arbuthnot chamber' inside the Great Pyramid, at Gizah, is named after her. *Baillie, E. L. C. (n.d.), traveller and writer of religious tracts and prescriptive books, toured the Middle East in the 1870s and published A Sale to Smyrna, or an Englishwoman's journal, based on her travels (1873). Baker, Florence (n.d.), explorer, wife of Samuel Baker- discoverer of the Nile's sources, and gold medalist of the Royal Geographical Society. Born in Hungary as Florence Ninian Von Sass; married Baker in 1865 (legend has it that he bought her at a slave-market, somewhere in the Balkans). Joined him on the voyage to Albert Nyanza, which they discovered together. *Beaufort, Emily Anne, Lady Strangford (n.d., 1887), traveller, philanthropist, nurse and hospital reformer, wife of Percy E. F. W. Sydney Smythe, eighth viscount of Strangford, oriental scholar, and expert on the Balkans. Emily Beaufort was the youngest child of 318 Appendix A: Biographies of Travellers and Travel Writers 319 Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort and, according to legend, a descendant of the Beauforts of the Crusades. In 1860 she travelled to the eastern Mediterranean, residing in the neighbourhood of Beirut during the civil war between Druses and maronites, which she documented in Egyptian Sepulchres and Syrian Shrines (1862). A favourable review by Strangford in the Athenaeum started a friendship and Beaufort's eventual marriage to him. The two collaborated in the Eastern Shores of the Adriatic which concludes with a chapter by Strangford on the political situation in the Balkans. After his death in 1869, she embarked on her second career as a nurse, hospital admin­ istrator, philanthropist and social reformer. In 1873 she organised the National Society for Providing Trained Nurses for the poor. In 1877 she co-founded the Relief for the Bulgarian Peasants and dur­ ing the Russo-Turkish War superintended a hospital for wounded Turks. In 1882 Beaufort founded and opened at Cairo the St. John's Ambulance Association and the Victoria Hospital, the first'modern' hospital in Egypt. She later founded a medical school in Beirut. Beaufort was literary executor and editor of her husband's works, as well as of the works of his brother, the politician George Augustus Fredrick Smythe, Disraeli's 'Coningsby'. *Bell, Gertrude, Margaret Lowthian (1868-1926), explorer, arch­ aeologist, specialising in the Early Christian era; linguist and trans­ lator from Persian; diplomat and founder member of the Anti­ Suffragist League. Daughter of Sir Hugh Bell, an ironmaster baronet; born at the Hall, Washington, County Durham; educated at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford and the first woman to gain First-Class Honours in Modern History at that university. Bell's early career as mountaineer, was followed by her work as field archaeologist, in co-operation with Sir William Ramsay. Her travels included journeys through Mesopotamia, a voyage, in 1913 to Ha'il, in Najd (in Northern Arabia) and Asia Minor. Before the First World War, she became involved in intelligence work and in 1916 was appointed political secretary to Sir Percy Cox in Basra. Later she was intimately involved in the negotiations over the dismantling of the British mandate in Iraq and supported Faisal in his claim to the throne. Became Government Director of Antiquities in Iraq and founded the National Museum at Baghdad. Died of a drug-overdose. Among her best-known books are: Safar Nameh: Persian Pictures (1894), The Desert and the Sown (1907); Amurath to Amurath (1911) and Palace and Mosque at Ukhaidir (1914). 320 Appendix A: Biographies of Travellers and Travel Writers *Belzoni, Sarah (1783-1870), explorer and collector of antiquities; wife of Giovanni B. Belzoni, the famous antiquarian and discoverer of Egypt's monuments. She accompanied Belzoni, on his voyage along the Nile and to Nubia, and in 1818 crossed the Sinai peninsula alone and travelled through Palestine. She probably was the first European to penetrate Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem. Contributed an essay on her travels to Belzoni's Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries ... in Egypt (1820). Bensley, Agnes Dorothee (n.d.), daughter of Baron Edward von Blomberg; married Robert Bullock Bensley, orientalist and Syria philologist, the decipherer of the Syriac palimpsest of the gospels and Biblical scholar. She accompanied Bensley and Agnes Smith Lewis on the expedition to Mount Sinai, where the palimpsest was discovered and copied, describing the journey in Our journey to Sinai; A Visit to the Convent of St. Catherine (1890). *Benson, Margaret (1865-1916), excavator and archaeologist. Daughter of Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury; educated at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. She visited Egypt several times between 1894 and 1900 and excavated, under P. E. Newberry, the Temple of Nut at Thebes. Her Temple of Nut in Asher appeared in 1899. *Bent, Mable Virginia (n.d.), explorer and travel-writer, member of the Royal Geographical Society. Daughter of Robert Westley Hall-Date; married, in 1877, James Theodore Bent, the explorer, linguist and archaeologist whom she joined on seven journeys to the Arabian peninsula, which, from 1893, Bent made his special field of interest. She completed and edited the seminal Southern Arabia, often attributed to Bent himself (1900). *Bishop, Isabella Lucy Bird (1831-1904), explorer, writer and mis­ sionary. Born in Yorkshire to a clerical family, started her literary career in 1847. Her first journey, recommended for health, was to Canada and the United States and produced The Englishwoman in America (1856). Later travels included Australia, New Zealand, the Sandwich Islands, Japan, China, the Hawaiian Archipalgo, and Tibet. In 1888 Bird Bishop embarked on a missionary career in the Far East. She was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. Among Appendix A: Biographies of Travellers and Travel Writers 321 her works are: A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains (1879) and The Yangtze Valley and Beyond (1899). *Blunt, Lady Annabella King-Noel (1837-1917), explorer, travel­ writer, Arabic scholar, and supporter of Egyptian nationalism. Daughter of the first earl of Lovelace and Ada, only legitimate daughter of Lord Byron; married in 1869 Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, diplomat, poet and an exponent, in Britain, of pan-Islamism and Egyptian nationalism. Between 1875 and 1882, the Blunts travelled extensively through the Middle East. Their journey to Mesopotamia and pioneering voyage to Najd, in central Arabia and then to Persia produced Lady Blunt's two famous travelogues: Bedouin Tribes of the Euphrates (1878) and A Pilgrimage to Nejd (1879). Among her other works are: The Authentic Arabian Horse (published posthumously) and translations of pre-Islamic poetry. She separated from Blunt in 1896 and, until her death, lived in Sheykh Ubayd, near Cairo. *Blunt, Fanny Janet (1840-n.d.), amateur ethnographer, married Britain's Consul General to Constantinople, known for her People of Turkey (1878), one of the most reliable accounts of everyday life in that country. *Bodichon, Barbara Leigh-Smith (1827-1891), feminist activist and writer on the women's question. Born in Yorkshire, daughter of a radical MP; campaigner for the Married Women's Property Act and writer of a number of works on Women and the law. Founded the Englishwoman's journal, married Ernest Bodichon in 1857 and afterwards lived in Algiers. Beke, Emily Alston (n.d.), traveller, wife of Charles Tilstone Beke, famous Bible critic; accompanied him on his voyages and wrote jacob's Flight; or A Pilgrimage to Harran (1865), a popular companion to Beke's Biblical studies and travelogue. *Bowman, Anne (n.d.), a popular novelist, specialising in children's stories, published The Young Nile Voyagers (1868) and Travels of Orlando, or a Tour Round the World (1877). *Brassey, Anna (Annie), baroness (1839-87), traveller and popular travel-writer, first wife of Thomas Brassey, the railway tycoon. She is famous for her yachting trips in the Mediterranean and around 322 Appendix A: Biographies of Travellers and Travel Writers the world which she described in a series of best-sellers. Among them are: A Cruise in the Eothen (1872); The Voyage .in the Sunbeam (1878) which went into nineteen editions and Sunshine and Storms in the East (1880). *Brocklehurst, Marianne (n.d., 1898), traveller and collector of Egyptiana. The Hieratic funerary papyrus is named after her. Brodrick Mary (May) (n.d., 1933), archaeologist, Egyptologist, philologist, specialising in semitic languages. Brodrick studied at the Sorbonne and College de France with Maspero and Renan and later at University College, London and Kansas, where she was awarded her Ph.D. She combined an active career as field archaeologist (working under Maspero) with an academic career. Compiled the Concise Dictionary of Egyptian Archeology (1902) and edited Murray's handbooks for Egypt. *Burton Isabel, nee Arundel (1831-96), traveller, travel-writer and journalist. Educated in a convent; married, in 1861, Richard Francis Burton, the explorer, linguist and travel-writer and accompanied him on his journeys. Wrote The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine and the Holy Land (1875) and A.E.I., Arabia, Egypt, India (1879). After Burton's death she expurgated his translation of the Arabian Nights and destroyed his diaries.