Minerals in your life your in in your life your in EuroGeoSurveys - The Geological Surveys of Europe 36-38, Rue Joseph II - 1000 Brussels (Belgium) Tel.: +32.2.888.75.53 Fax: +32.2.503.50.25 Email: [email protected] ISBN 9789090281476 Minerals www.eurogeosurveys.org Foreword When people hear or see the word minerals, There is no end to the list. If we had no chances are that their first thoughts will be of minerals, we would be back in the Stone Age… food supplements. Many will know that or actually to the age before, because stone is minerals are important to us, but probably not made of minerals too. exactly how, and certainly not to what extent. Miners say: “if it can’t be grown it has to be Please have a look around you: most if not all mined.” This is true, we get our minerals from objects you see will be made of or contain the Earth. However, before a mineral is mined, minerals. The walls of the building you are it has to be found, and after mining it still takes probably sitting in, the road outside, a lot of work before a mineral is ready for use. the telephone in your pocket. The car, bicycle, There is a whole world behind minerals that bus or train that may have brought you to we would like to introduce to you. This book where you are right now. Furthermore, if you will tell you about minerals in your daily life, are in your office or study: tens of substances which minerals we use for what, what they that were derived and refined from minerals look like, and where and how we get them. in the computer on your desk, and there are some in your pens, pencils, stapler and hole ‘MINERALS IN YOUR LIFE’ has been produced punch, and probably in the desk itself too. by experts of the Geological Surveys of It takes minerals to bring you your water, Europe; each chose a mineral that is typical of electricity and gas. Even the page you are their country. I hope that you enjoy reading this reading now contains mineral filler and the ink book as much as we did putting it together. is mineral-based too! Mart van Bracht President EuroGeoSurveys The Geological Surveys of Europe Contents Foreword 1 The cartoonists 5 Minerals in support of the EU economy 6 EuroGeoSurveys Mineral Resources Expert Group 8 Message from private sector 10 INTRODUCTION The Earth as a resource 14 Classification of mineral resources 20 European Minerals Production 22 A DAY IN THE LIFE OF NORMAN 26 Copper 28 Kaolin 32 Zinc 36 Feldspar 40 Sepiolite 44 Bauxite 48 Dolomite 52 Graphite 56 Beryllium 60 Aggregate 64 Tungsten 68 Gypsum 72 Titanium 76 Editor EuroGeoSurveys Lithium 80 Authors EuroGeoSurveys Mineral Resources Expert Group Indium 84 Design Simona Binni and Marcello Iozzoli Platinum 88 Project manager Claudia Delfini Gold 92 Layout and production www.tango-grafix.be Germanium 96 Distribution EuroGeoSurveys – Brussels Potash 100 Patron Minerals Intelligence Network for Europe - Minerals4EU - FP7Project Quartz sand 104 Moler (clayey diatomite) 108 © 2014 by EuroGeoSurveys, Rue Joseph II, 36/38, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Rare earth elements 112 APPENDICES Salt 116 Mineral deposits 148 Calcium carbonate 120 Europe’s mineral endowment 150 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner without permission. Talc 124 Environment and mining 154 All images are © the artists, reproduced with the kind permission of the artists and/or their representatives. Baltic Amber (succinite) 128 Mineral Production in European Countries, 2007-2011 158 Clay minerals 132 Common uses of major mineral raw materials 174 Photos by the courtesy of Christian Burlet and the Geological Survey of Belgium Iron 136 Glossary 176 Nickel 140 Sources 192 ISBN 9789090281476 Recycled aggregates 144 Members 196 2 MINERALS IN YOUR LIFE The cartoonists Simona Binni was born in Rome on 30-10-1975. She attended Scuola Romana del Fumetto where studied ‘illustration and comics’. She currently works as a comic artist with American publishers (GrayHaven Comics), illustrator and storyboard artist for publicity (Telecom Italia; Cloudpeople The cartoonist website); collaboration with “Nuct” (Scuola Internazionale di Cinema e Televisione) and “Brand Portal Agency”. http://simonabinni.blogspot.it Marcello Lozzoli was born in Rome on 20-06-1987. In 2006, he began his first degree in Graphic Design and in October 2011 he graduated in «Visual Arts and Entertainment Painting» at The Academy of Fine Arts in Rome. The photographer From 2010 to June 2013 he attended a course of Illustration and Comics at the SRF The colourist Roman School of Comics. In the same period he completed an online Master Christian Burlet is geologist Class in Digital Painting from the Computer at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Graphics Master Academy (CGMA) based Sciences - Geological Survey of Belgium (GSB). in Los Angeles, California. He graduated from the University of Liège in His previous work includes the design for 2002. He works at the GSB on the mineralogy the cover of the Institute for Environmental of cobalt ores and geo-materials Protection and Research’s (ISPRA) publication (Democratic Republic of Congo). «Forgotten Fruits and recovered biodiversity». He actively collaborates, in Italy and abroad, The photographer thanks the Royal Belgian with several publishers in digital colouring Institute of Natural Sciences for the access to and in the creation of concept art for their mineralogical collections, in particular American video games. Marleen deCeuckelaire, Tommy Dheuvart, http://marcelloiozzoli.blogspot.it Thierry Leduc and Sophie Decree. 4 MINERALS IN YOUR LIFE Minerals in support of the EU economy The Geological Surveys of Europe, through In this way Minerals4EU will contribute to the Mineral Resources Expert Group of and support decision making on the policy EuroGeoSurveys, and other partners including and adaptation strategies of the European the key industrial players, are carrying out Commission. the Minerals4EU project that will provide until now the most extensive data and high-quality The target is to integrate the best available knowledge-based products on mineral mineral expertise and information based on resources and their utilization around Europe. the knowledge base of national Geological Surveys and other relevant stakeholders, in Minerals4EU is developing a permanent EU support of public policy-making, industry, Mineral intelligence network and is designing society, communication and education a European Minerals Yearbook. It will also purposes at European and international levels. contribute to the design of the future European Geological Data Infrastructure. In particular, at the project completion, in 2016, the European Union citizens will The project will firstly establish the EU minerals benefit of tools and expertise to enhance and intelligence network structure, comprising support resource efficiency, minerals supply European minerals data providers and security and sustainable mineral development stakeholders, and transform this into a for Europe. sustainable operational service. 6 MINERALS IN YOUR LIFE Annamaria Nador Geological and Geological Institute of Hungary MAFGI Zoltán Horváth Geological and Geological Institute of Hungary MAFGI Gerry Stanley Geological Survey of Ireland GSI Mauro Lucarini Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale – Geological Survey of Italy ISPRA EuroGeoSurveys Mineral Resources Juozas Mockevicius Geological Survey of Lithuania LGT Charles Galea Malta Resources Authority MRA Michael Schembri Malta Resources Authority MRA Expert Group Tom Heldal Geological Survey of Norway NGU Jan Høst Geological Survey of Norway NGU Schiellerup Henrik Geological Survey of Norway NGU MEMBERS Rognvald Boyd Geological Survey of Norway NGU Nikos Arvanitidis Chair, Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning SGU Stanislaw Wolkowicz Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute PGI - NRI Daniel Cassard Deputy Chair, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières BRGM Stanislaw Mikulski Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute PGI - NRI Arben Pambuku Albanian Geological Survey AGS Barbara Radwanek-Bak Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute PGI - NRI Maria Heinrich Geological Survey of Austria GBA Janina wiszniewska Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute PGI - NRI Albert Schedl Geological Survey of Austria GBA Daniel Oliveira Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia LNEG Sebastian Pfleider Geological Survey of Austria GBA Marian Munteanu Geological Institute of Romania GIR Christian Burlet Geological Survey of Belgium – GSB GSB Grigory Brekhov A. P. Karpinsky All Russia Geological Research Institute VSEGEI Miko Slobodan Hrvatski geološki institut – Croatian Geological Survey HGI_CGS Vitaly Shatov A. P. Karpinsky All Russia Geological Research Institute VSEGEI Christodoulos Hadjigeorgiou Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment Geological Survey Department GSD Aleksey Sokolov A. P. Karpinsky All Russia Geological Research Institute VSEGEI Ivo Sitensly Czech Geological Survey CGS Boris Mikhailov A. P. Karpinsky All Russia Geological Research Institute VSEGEI Petr Rambousek Czech Geological Survey CGS Peter Balaz State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur SGUDS Karen Hanghøj Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland GEUS Zoltan Nemeth State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur SGUDS Jørgen Tulstrup Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland GEUS Duška Rokavec Geological Survey of Slovenia GeoZS Diogo Rosa Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland GEUS Manuel