Contesting Female, Feminist and Muslim Identities Post-Socialist Contexts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo Edited by Zilka Spahić-Šiljak Foreword by MARGOT BADRAN Contesting Female, Feminist and Muslim Identities Post-Socialist Contexts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo Prepared in the framework of the Regional Research Promotion Programme in the Western Balkans (RRPP), which is run by the University of Fribourg upon a mandate of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, SDC, Federal Department of Foreign A!airs. "e views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent opinions of the SDC and the University of Fribourg CONTESTING FEMALE, FEMINIST AND MUSLIM IDENTITIES Post-Socialist Contexts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo Edited by Zilka Spahić-Šiljak PUBLISHER Center for Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Studies, University of Sarajevo REVIEWERS Nira Yuval-Davis Vjollca Krasniqi Catharina Raudvere Dino Abazović DTP AND DESIGN Sanja Vrzić ILLUSTRATIONS Vesna Husić PRINTED BY Dobra knjiga Sarajevo NUMBER OF COPIES: 800 2012 CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 305-055.2:l4l.72 305:28-45(497.6+497.ll5) CONTESTING female, feminist and Muslim identities : post-socialist contexts of Bosnia & Herzegovina and Kosovo / edited by Zilka Sarajevo : Center for Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Studies, University of Sarajevo, ISBN 978-9958-704-29-l COBISS.BH-ID 19465478 Edited by Zilka Spahić-Šiljak Contesting Female, Feminist and Muslim Identities Post-Socialist Contexts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo SARAJEVO 2012 Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... 9 Foreword .............................................................................................................. 13 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 21 Methodology and Methods ............................................................................................................21 Qualitative Research Methods: Focus Groups and Life Stories ..........................................23 Organization of the book.................................................................................................................25 1. Women and Politics ....................................................................................... 35 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................35 1.1 Conceptions of Woman’s Nature: Beyond Reason ..........................................................37 1.2 Enlightenment for (Wo) Men ...................................................................................................40 1.3 Women Voices in Post-Revolution Period in Europe .......................................................42 1.4 Fighting for the Right to Vote: the Suffragist Movement ..............................................43 1.5 Politics Revisited: Power, Other and Difference/s ............................................................46 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................50 2. Feminisms and Islam ..................................................................................... 57 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................57 2.1 Definitions and Classifications ..............................................................................................58 2.2 Emancipation and (Un)Veiling ...............................................................................................63 2.3 Feminist Voice and Women’s Activism ................................................................................67 2.3.1 Feminist Voice and Women’s Activism in Egypt ....................................................67 2.3.2 Feminist Voices and Women’s Activism in Iran ......................................................72 2.3.3 Feminist Voices and Women’s Activism in Turkey .................................................75 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................78 3. The Contexts of BiH and Kosovo .................................................................. 87 3.1 Socio-Political Conditions in BiH and Kosovo ...................................................................88 3.1.1 Constitutional and Political Position of BiH and Kosovo in the Yugoslav Federation .......................................................................................................88 3.1.2 Political System of Socialist Yugoslavia and the “National Question” in BiH and Kosovo ...........................................................................................................89 3.1.3 Socio-economic status of BiH and Kosovo within the Yugoslav Federation ..........................................................................................................................91 3.1.4 Socio-Political Conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo after the Break-Up of Yugoslavia ................................................................................93 3.2 Women’s Liberation ...................................................................................................................97 3.2.1 Women’s Liberation under Socialism ........................................................................97 3.2.1.1 Education ...................................................................................................................97 3.2.1.2 Labor policy ..............................................................................................................98 3.2.1.3 Family policies ....................................................................................................... 100 3.2.1.4 Activism .................................................................................................................. 101 3.2.2 Women’s Liberation in Post-socialism .......................... .......................................... 103 3.2.2.1 Education ............................................................................................................... 103 3.2.2.2 Labor policies ........................................................................................................ 105 3.2.2.3 Family policy .......................................................................................................... 107 3.2.2.4 Activism ................................................................................................................... 109 3.3 Islam in Socialism and Post-Socialism ............................................................................... 111 3.3.1 Restriction of Religious Liberty (1945-53) ............................................................ 112 3.3.2 Relaxation of Restrictions (1953-65) ....................................................................... 113 3.3.3 Significant Liberalization (1965-71) ......................................................................... 114 3.3.4 Selective Restrictions Re-imposed (1971-82)...................................................... 115 3.3.5 On the Threshold of Full Freedom (1982-89) ...................................................... 116 3.3.6 The Great Transformation and Post-Socialism (1989 and beyond) .............. 117 4. Being a Woman .............................................................................................129 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 129 4.1 Identity of a Woman ............................................................................................................... 130 4.1.1 Guardian of the Private Sphere ................................................................................. 131 4.1.2 “Dancing” to Two Beats ................................................................................................. 135 4.1.3 Being a Human Being .................................................................................................. 136 4.1.4 Being a Woman in Socialism and Post-socialism ................................................ 138 4.2 Feminist Identities .................................................................................................................... 142 4.3 Muslim and Feminist Identities ........................................................................................... 150 4.4 Hijabi and Non-hijabi Feminists .......................................................................................... 160 5. Becoming A Feminist? .................................................................................177 Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 177 5.1 Women and Family................................................................................................................... 179 5.1.1 Primary Family ................................................................................................................