HYDRAULIC MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE STABILIZATION POND DESIGN FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS By DAVID OLATUNDE OLUKANNI, B.Eng, M.Eng, MNSE, COREN Reg. MATRIC NO: CUGP040109 A Ph.D. THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (WATER RESOURSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIT), COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, NIGERIA APRIL, 2011 i DECLARATION I, Olukanni David Olatunde, declare that this work was done completely by me under the supervision of Professor K. O. Adekalu (Main Supervisor) of the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria and Professor J. J. Ducoste (Co-Supervisor) of the Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A. The thesis has not been presented, either wholly or partly for any degree elsewhere. Appropriate acknowledgment has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. ……………………………………… Olukanni, D. O. ii CERTIFICATION This thesis titled Hydraulic Modeling and Optimization of Waste Stabilization Pond Design for Developing Nations carried out by Olukanni, David Olatunde under our supervision meets the regulation governing the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Civil Engineering of the Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. I certify that it has not been submitted for the degree of Ph.D or any other degree in this or any other University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ……………………………….. ……………………………… Professor K. O. Adekalu Professor. J. J. Ducoste (Main Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor) ……………………………… …………………………… Professor J. C. Agunwamba Professor A. S. Adedimila (External Examiner) (Head of Department, Civil Engineering) iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my family, Dorcas Eyiyemi (wife), and our son, David Olaoluwa Peace, who since birth has been patient and cooperative with us through the period of our studies both home and abroad. I love you so much and I know that you are the joy to your generation. Remain forever blessed! iv Acknowledgements Praise and glory be to the Almighty God from whom all blessings flow. He has enabled me to come through to the end of another phase of my educational career. I have received numerous help, assistance and guidance from a large number of people over the three years that I have worked on this thesis. Of these, I will only be able to mention a few. I appreciate my supervisors: Professor Kenneth Adekalu (Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria) and Professor Joel Ducoste (North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA) who find time to scrutinize this work and make useful comments and suggestions. Professor Adekalu was instrumental to the course to take at the beginning of this research. He prayed alongside with me for the successful award of the Fulbright scholarship while Professor Ducoste was very supportive on the CFD models of the laboratory-scale waste stabilization ponds that were undertaken. Thank you for the high standard you set for this thesis. Without your support and advice, this thesis could not have been produced the way it is. The benefits of being able to travel to meet and work with leading researchers around the world have been tremendous. I wish to express my profound gratitude to the Chancellor, Dr. David Oyedepo for His love, support and prayers towards the completion of this program. You have been a blessing to me and I will extend this gesture to generations to come. I salute your love for God and humanity. I also acknowledge the Vice Chancellor of Covenant University, Prof. (Mrs.) Aize Obayan, Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Charles Ogbulogo and the Registrar, Dr. Daniel Rotimi for their endless drive and support in making this program a success. Your word of encouragement and love has been tremendous. I cannot forget Pastor Yemi Nathaniel, the former registrar for his fatherly love and prayers. May God bless you all. I appreciate the effort of the former Dean of College of Science and Technology, Prof. James Katende for supporting my candidacy for the Fulbright scholarship, without which this work would not have been completed. Many thanks to the Dean of Postgraduate School and the current Dean of the College of Science and Technology, Prof. C. O. Awonuga and Prof. F. K. Hymore for their support to the Postgraduate program at v Covenant University. I am equally grateful to the Head of Department of Civil Engineering, Prof. A.S. Adedimila and Prof. J.B. Adeyeri for their efforts towards the success of this program. My heartfelt gratitude goes to Prof. K. O. Okonjo and Prof. J. O. Bello who gave their time and support to see that this work gets completed in good time. My appreciation also goes to the entire staff of my department, both academic and non- academic for their contributions towards the successful completion of this study. My acknowledgement will be incomplete without mentioning the input of the Department of State and Cultural Affairs, United States of America who at the crucial stage of this research, awarded me the Fulbright scholarship (administered by Institute of International Education) to two universities in United States of America: University of Oklahoma, Norman, where I attended a summer intensive study program for 3 months under the supervision of Associate Director, Donna Deluca and her entire team. I appreciate your love and kindness. The second university I attended was North Carolina State University, Raleigh, where I carried out 9 months intensive study and research for the completion of my Ph.D thesis. I will not forget to mention my first contact at Raleigh, John and Jean Hawes for picking me at the airport and hosting me in their home in Raleigh for few days before getting my apartment. These elderly couples are so much appreciated for the love and sacrifice shown to me. My research work crosses a number of areas: Leslie and Vicky were very helpful in their approach to the teaching of technical report writing at the University of Oklahoma. Rosario, Sumeet and Chang have been invaluable with regard to setting me up for the modeFRONTIER optimization tool. Professors Duncan, Agunwamba and Shilton are recognized authority on waste stabilization pond technology. They provided literature materials to me that helped in understanding design of the model waste stabilization pond. I appreciate you so much. I also acknowledged my parents Mr. and Mrs. OLUKANNI for their support in prayers and endurance of taking care of our son during the period when my wife and I were studying. I thank them for giving me a good foundation in education. I pray that they will reap the fruits of their labor abundantly. Amen. I also acknowledge the prayers of my in- vi laws, Mr. and Mrs. BAYODE who call quite often while I was studying abroad. I express my gratitude to my immediate family, particularly my wife, Eyiyemi and son, David Olaoluwa who supported me while I was away for complete one year in the United States of America for the Fulbright program. My gratitude goes to my siblings; Biodun, Bukky, Funmi, Wole, Wumi and also my loved ones; Oye, Diran and Olaitan for being part of the wonderful family. I appreciate the role of Pastor Mike Ogboluchi at getting the WEST software at the beginning of this work and the duo of Dr. Adebayo and Lorenzo Watson for their kindness while I was away in the United States of America. I sincerely say thank you to all and those whose names have not been able to mention both home and abroad who have contributed to the success of this program. God bless you all. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page ……………………………………..……………..…............................................i Declaration.............................................................................................................................ii Certification …………………………….................…………………….....……........…...iii Dedication ……………………....……………….……………………….........…...............iv Acknowledgements.......……...…….……………………..…………… ….............…….....v Table of Contents ………….……………………………………………..……......…......viii List of Plates........................................................................................................................xv List of Figures ………………….…………………………………………..………........xvi List of Tables …...……..………………………………………………............................xxiv Abbreviations and symbols...........................................................................................xxvii Abstract... …………………...……………………………………………...…….........xxxii Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………….………………..….…….1 1.1 Background to the study…….………………….………..….….……...…….…...1 1.2 Problem statement……………………………………………………………….5 1.3 Aim of the research………….……………………………...….…….…….….....6 1.4 Objectives………...…………………..……………………….……….…………6 1.5 Scope of study……………..………….…………..………....…….....…...……..6 1.6 Justification of study………………..………….…………………………..…....7 1.7 Limitation of the work…………………………………………………………..7 Chapter 2: Literature review………………………………………..……..………….....8 2.1 The pressure on water demand ………………….….…….…………...……..…..8 2.2 Wastewater treatment systems in use........…….….…….……..............................9 2.3 Waste stabilization ponds………………………….………………..……….......11 viii 2.3.1 Treatment units in Waste Stabilization. Ponds….…………………………....12 2.3.2 Anaerobic ponds……………………………………………………....……..13