PERFORMANCE-DESIGN | CBIT | ROSKILDE UNIVERSITET BLACK METAL – DET NYE SORT ET CASESTUDIE AF BLACK METAL ANNO 2015 Adriana Zak Echeverría | 40717 Januar 2016 Speciale, 2. kandidatniveau Vejleder: Fabian Holt 174106 anslag | 72.5 sider 2 ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to examine how black metal has evolved throughout its history in order to determine its current state as a music genre. The study focuses on two cases; the Danish musician Myrkur and the US-based band Deafheaven, as they both have been labeled as black metal acts and achieved critical acclaim within the broad music industry through this perception, which has caused quite an uproar in the black metal underground scene. Through Jennifer C. Lena’s theory on genre trajectories, Keith Kahn-Harris’ study of the extreme metal scene, a historic approach on black metal and an interview with one of the most praised heavy metal critics in Denmark, I will present a holistic view and understanding of the black metal scene and its dynamics in order to identify the mechanisms for such conflicts. Black metal is often differentiated within two ‘waves’, two historically and musically distinctive periods, but this study has led me to explore and confirm the possibility for the genres third wave through the distinction between classic black metal and post-black metal. This study places itself within the academic field of heavy metal studies and the broader field of cultural studies. 3 INDHOLDSFORTEGNELSE KAPITEL 1 – INDLEDNING ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Motivation & problemfelt ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Problemformulering ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Afgrænsning .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Valg af teori & litteratur ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Black metallens historiske forståelse ............................................................................................................. 9 Teoretiske og literære fravalg ............................................................................................................................. 11 Akademisk felt & relation til performance-design ...................................................................................... 11 KAPITEL 2 – TILGANG & METODE ...................................................................................................................... 14 Udvælgelsen af casestudiet................................................................................................................................... 14 Artistovervejelser & -valg ................................................................................................................................. 15 Baggrund for specialets problematik og caseudvælgelsen ..................................................................... 16 Empiri & dataindsamling ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Ekspertinterview: Peter Béliath ......................................................................................................................... 17 KAPITEL 3 – TEORI ..................................................................................................................................................... 20 Kahn-Harris’ studie af ekstremmetal ............................................................................................................... 20 Ekstremmetalscenens karakteristika og dens begreber ..................................................................... 20 Ekstremmetallens ekstremitet ....................................................................................................................... 22 Scenens konstruktion ......................................................................................................................................... 22 Kapital, habitus & hierarki ............................................................................................................................... 23 Subkulturel kapital .............................................................................................................................................. 24 Refleksivitet & autenticitet – og deres modsætninger ......................................................................... 25 Lenas teori om genreudvikling ........................................................................................................................... 26 Definition af ‘genre’ ............................................................................................................................................. 26 De 4 genreformer ................................................................................................................................................. 27 Musikkens udvikling gennem genreformer .............................................................................................. 30 Videre refleksioner om genreudviklingskurser ...................................................................................... 32 De industristyrede systemer ........................................................................................................................... 33 4 KAPITEL 4 – BLACK METALLENS HISTORIE ................................................................................................. 36 Fundamentet for black metal ............................................................................................................................... 36 Hvad er black metal? ............................................................................................................................................... 36 True Norwegian Black Metal ............................................................................................................................... 37 Øvrige europæiske black metal-scener ........................................................................................................... 39 Kultur & æstetik ........................................................................................................................................................ 40 Black metallens musikalske diversitet ............................................................................................................ 41 Black metallens mainstream æra ....................................................................................................................... 42 KAPITEL 5 – ANALYSE .............................................................................................................................................. 46 I: Black metallens første og anden bølge ........................................................................................................ 46 II: Myrkur ..................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Myrkurs musikalske aspekter ........................................................................................................................ 50 Skræddersyet promovering............................................................................................................................. 50 Jagten på subkulturel kapital .......................................................................................................................... 51 Det er ikke ‘true’ eller black metal, hvis det ikke kommer fra undergrunden! .......................... 53 III: Deafheaven ........................................................................................................................................................... 54 Deafheavens musikalske udtryk .................................................................................................................... 55 Vi er Deafheaven, ikke et black metal-band .............................................................................................. 56 Black metallens diametrale modsætning ................................................................................................... 57 Afsluttende bemærkning .................................................................................................................................. 58 IV: Status på black metal anno 2015 ................................................................................................................. 59 Black metallens udviklingskurs ..................................................................................................................... 59 Enestående udvikling eller anden musikalsk stilart? ........................................................................... 60 KAPITEL 6 – KONKLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 64 LITTERATURLISTE ....................................................................................................................................................