JIPEL NYU Journal of Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law NOTES A Defense of Industrial Design Rights in the United States .................... Maggie Diamond Somewhere Beyond the ©: Copyright and Web Design ................................Florina Yezril Morals Clauses: Past, Present, and Future................................................ Caroline Epstein ARTICLES Foreword: The International Evolution of Intellectual Property Rights ....................................................................................... Richard A. Epstein Towards a New Dialectics: Pharmaceutical Patents, Public Health and Foreign Direct Investments .................................................... Valentina S. Vadi Addressing Climate Change: Domestic Innovation, International Aid and Collaboration....................................................................................... Joy Y. Xiang Lost and Found: Intellectual Property of the Fragrance Industry; From Trade Secret to Trade Dress ............................................... Charles Cronin VOLUME 5 NUMBER 1 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY & ENTERTAINMENT LAW VOLUME 5 NUMBER 1 CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................................................ v NOTES A Defense of Industrial Design Rights in the United States .............................................. 1 Maggie Diamond Somewhere Beyond the ©: Copyright and Web Design .................................................. 43 Florina Yezril Morals Clauses: Past, Present, and Future........................................................................ 72 Caroline Epstein ARTICLES Foreword: The International Evolution of Intellectual Property Rights ........................ 107 Richard A. Epstein Towards a New Dialectics: Pharmaceutical Patents, Public Health and Foreign Direct Investments...................................................................................... 113 Valentina S. Vadi Addressing Climate Change: Domestic Innovation, International Aid and Collaboration............................................................................................................ 196 Joy Y. Xiang Lost and Found: Intellectual Property of the Fragrance Industry; From Trade Secret to Trade Dress ........................................................................................... 256 Charles Cronin i Statement of Purpose Consistent with its unique development, The New York University Journal of Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law (JIPEL) is a nonpartisan periodical specializing in the analysis of timely and cutting-edge topics in the world of intellectual property and entertainment law. As NYU’s first and only online journal, JIPEL also provides an opportunity for discourse through comments from all of its readers. There are no subscriptions, or subscription fees; in keeping with the open-access and free discourse goals of the students responsible for JIPEL’s existence, the content is available for free to anyone interested in intellectual property and entertainment law. ii Cite as N.Y.U. J. INTELL. PROP. & ENT. L. The New York University Journal of Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law is published two times per year at the New York University School of Law, 139 MacDougal Street, New York, New York, 10012. In keeping with the Journal’s open access and free discourse goals subscriptions are free of charge and can be accessed via www.jipel.law.nyu.edu. Inquiries may be made via telephone (212-998-6101) or electronic mail ([email protected]). The Journal invites authors to submit pieces for publication consideration. Footnotes and citations should follow the rules set forth in the latest edition of The Bluebook A Uniform System of Citation. All pieces submitted become the property of the Journal. We review submissions through ExpressO Bepress (http://law.bepress.com/ expresso/) and through electronic mail ([email protected]). All works copyright © 2015 by the author, except when otherwise expressly indicated. For permission to reprint a piece or any portion thereof, please contact the journal in writing. Except as otherwise provided, the author of each work in this issue has granted permission for copies of that article to be made for classroom use, provided that (1) copies are distributed to students free of cost, (2) the author and the Journal are identified on each copy, and (3) proper notice of copyright is affixed to each copy. A nonpartisan periodical, the Journal is committed to presenting diverse views on intellectual property and entertainment law. Accordingly, the opinions and affiliations of the authors presented herein do not necessarily reflect those of the Journal members. The Journal is also available on WESTLAW, LEXIS-NEXIS and HeinOnline. iii NEW YORK UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY & ENTERTAINMENT LAW EDITORIAL BOARD 2015- 2016 Editor-in-Chief Caroline Epstein Senior Articles Editors Executive Editor Managing Editors David Krone Sherrone Ricks Margaret Diamond Wen Xiu Christian Scarlett Senior Notes Editor Senior Web Editors Online Content Editor Nicole Liberman Ty Callahan Latore Price Florina Yezril Senior Editors Ryan Brown Jakarri Hamlin Catherine Seibel Rachael Browndorf Rebecca Lasky Yang Amy Song David Cottrell Eliza Marshall Daryl Steiger Trevor Dodge Anna Mascoli Michael Zoltan Daniel Funt Kelsey Nussenfeld Web Editors Emma Bechara Fernanda Crispim Breck Wilmot Christine Chen Han Hilda Li Staff Editors David Bailey Katharine Haydock Eric Parker Jiyeon Barta Sarah Higgins Christopher Pearson Perri Blitz Luan Khuong Efraim Pruzansky Janie Buckley Victoria Kim Julian Pymento Naadia Chowdhury Caroline Lau Mark Sanchez Lara Cohen Katherine Levy Alex Schindler Christopher Cooksey Mingzhu Li Russell Silver-Fagan Mikaela Dealissia Carl Mazurek John Taeschler John DiNapoli Christine McLellan Zachary Travis Matthew Dunay Austin McLeod Michael Vincent Eddie Guers Thomas Merante Kayla Wieche Victor Guo Katherine Nemeth Jackson Yates Sophie Ha Inzer Ni Faculty Advisors Amy Adler Barton Beebe iv PREFACE Intellectual property law transcends national boundaries and reflects our changing view about property rights in creations of the mind. The outgrowth of the Internet has hastened this development, providing both a new frontier for innovation and more opportunities for theft. We approached the Fall Issue with these ideas in mind, examining the intersection of intellectual property law, entertainment law, international law, and the Internet. As technology has developed, the law has attempted to keep pace. How successfully has it adjusted? A wide range of topics is addressed in this issue, but all explore the intersection of technology and the law, internationally and within the United States. Professor Charles Cronin explores the history of intellectual property protection in the fragrance industry, highlighting the challenges that new technologies pose to the protection of the industries secrets. Professors Joy Xiang and Valentina Vadi examine this tension between innovation and protection on an international level, scrutinizing the effects of intellectual property law on climate change and the pharmaceutical industries, respectively. In his introduction to Xiang and Vadi’s pieces, Professor Richard Epstein comments on this tension, and the larger implications it has for the coexistence of intellectual property law and international law. The notes featured in this issue expand on this central theme, mounting a comparative analysis of industrial design rights in the United States, exploring the applicability of copyright to web design, and examining evolution of morals clauses in the Internet age. We sincerely hope you enjoy this issue. Sincerely, Caroline Epstein Editor-in-Chief NYU Journal of Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law v NEW YORK UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ENTERTAINMENT LAW VOLUME 5 FALL 2015 NUMBER 1 A DEFENSE OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES MAGGIE DIAMOND* The protection of industrial design in the United States has been criticized for its ill-aligned functionality doctrines, as an inefficient incentive scheme, as well as for its costly and prolonged rights acquisition periods. This note explores the scope of U.S. industrial design protection in copyright, trademark and design patent, concluding that design patent provides the strongest basis to rebut these criticisms. Not only does the positive enforcement of design patents speak to the protection's strength, but the normative scope of the right is calibrated to incentivize innovative designs. A wholesale reform of U.S. industrial design is not required to address cost and time criticisms; compliance with certain national and international obligations is sufficient. * J.D. Candidate, New York University School of Law, 2015. The author would like to thank the Editorial Board of the Journal of Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law and participants of the 2015 Innovation Policy Colloquium. 1 2015] INDUSTRIAL DESIGN RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES 2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 2 I. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN IN THE U.S. ...................................................................... 4 A. What is Industrial Design? ......................................................................... 4 B. Industrial Design Protection in the U.S. ...................................................