THE OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY BIENNIAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING 2-5 April 2001 Miami Beach, Florida USA Listed alphabetically by first author. Asterisk(*) indicates invited speaker. ALLARD, Richard ~, John Christiansen 2, Steve *APEL, John R.' Williams ~ and Larry Jendro ~ From Pictures to Measurements: Four Decades of The Distributed Integrated Ocean Prediction System Ocean Remote Sensing (DIOPS) With the arrival of more-or-less continuous satellite The Distributed Integrated Ocean Prediction System data streams and fully vetted measurement capabilities, (DIOPS) is a wave, tide and surf prediction system ocean remote measurement has gone from being con- designed to provide U.S. Navy and U.S. Joint Forces a fined to the province of specialists to finding its way capability to predict wave and surf conditions at any into the toolkit of working oceanographers. While it has given location, worldwide. DIOPS contains a suite of taken well over three decades to come about, data from wave, tide and surf models (WAM, REFDIE STWAVE, a variety of sensors can currently give information of PCTIDES and SURF3.0) which can be run in a nested much interest across the spectrum of disciplines in our fashion. DIOPS is designed to operate under an object- science, even to those concerned with the sea floor if oriented framework and provides access to environ- acoustics is included as a remote sensing method. A mental inputs via the Tactical Environmental Data review is given of some sensor outputs, both historic Server (TEDS). DIOPS will be installed at the Naval and current, and examples are presented of remote Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center in San sensing contributions to the understanding of various Diego in Spring 2001, where a Beta-test site with an processes and phenomena taking place in the sea. The onboard scientist will be established for training and historical imagery, especially, is such that the reluctance enhancements. Planned upgrades to the system include of an earlier generation of marine scientists to have the addition of the shallow-water wave model SWAN, much faith in it is perfectly understandable. However, which is a full plane model (offshore and onshore today's data are so splendid that, when blended togeth- winds and waves) that can be run in both time depen- er with in situ observations and used in quantitative dant and steady state modes. models, much new will be learned about the breadth '(Corresponding author: R. Allard, [email protected]), and depth of the sea. One carmot help but feel excite- Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, ment about the prospects. Mississippi USA '[email protected], Global Ocean Associates, Silver Spring, "~Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois USA Maryland USA ~Analysis & Technolog35 Middletown, Rhode Island USA ~New Age Systems, Alexandria, Virginia USA Oceonogrophy • VoL 14 • No. 1/2001 5 ARBELO, ManueP by January. We observed a 2-week difference in the t:im- ing of the spring bloom in 1998 and 1999. We show how Satellite Algorithm to Derive Skin-Sea Surface the chlorophyll distribution is associated with SST front Temperatures in the Canary Islands locations and that the locations of biological and SST The estimation of sea surface temperature (SST) from fronts are not always the same and they change season- satellite is performed by means of multichannel algo- ally in the basin. We further characterize the bio-opt~Lcal rithms with infrared channels from sensors ATSR-ERS distribution in the JES using SeaWIFS to estimate the and AVHRR-NOAA. Commonly, these algorithms backscattering (bb550) (particle concentration) and express the SST as a linear combination of the satellite absorption from dissolved organic matter (adg) in addi- brightness temperatures in those channels with con- tion to chlorophyll concentration. These prolSerties are stant coefficients obtained empirically by means of sta- used to trace biological water mass evolution in the tistical regressions of in situ and satellite surface tem- basin using a 3 axis ternary plot. We show how the peratures. However, the atmospheric dependence of the distribution of these properties during the spring bloom split-window coefficients prevents the use of global is coupled to the physical processes associated with the algorithms in local studies. As a consequence, it is nec- anticyclic eddies at the Subpolar front. essary to derive algorithms limited to areas of certain ~(Corresponding author: R.A. Arnone, atmospheric conditions. Due to our interest in the [email protected]), Naval Research Laboratory, Canary Islands Sea, we have determined an optimized Stennis Space Center, Mississippi USA regional algorithm for SST with a statistical method :Plarming Systems, Inc., Stennis Space Center, Mississippi USA from simulated measurements with a radiative transfer code and a set of radiosoundings. We have added the angular dependence and a term that contains the BARBER, R.T. ~, R.C. Dugdale:, EP. Wilkerson ~-, E marine aerosols correction into the final split-window Chai 3, M. Jiang ~ and T-H. Peng ~ equation. Results of application of this method and its Modeling the Ecosystem Responses and CO 2 intercomparison with algorithms from other authors Drawdown of Transient In Situ Iron-enrichment are analyzed. We concluded that the model suggested Experiments in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean here seems very appropriate for the determination of SST in the portion of the Atlantic Ocean around the In situ iron-enrichment experiments in the Southern Canary Islands. Ocean and the equatorial Pacific Ocean have shown [email protected], Universidad de La Laguna, Canary Islands, that transient addition of very low concentrations of Spain iron to high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters sets in motion changes in the productivity and growth of picoplankton, larger phytoplankton and the grazers ARNONE, R.A. ~, R.W. Gould, Jr. ~, P.J. Hogan ~, G.A. of both of these groups. The logistic constraints of Jacobs ~, R.H Preller', S.K Riedlinger ~ and S.D. Ladner -~ single-ship experiments have prevented these other- Seasonal Cycle of Bio-optics and Temperature of the wise successful efforts from resolving the full temporal Japan/East Sea pattern of responses. These experiments necessarily have been limited to 20 days or less. To overcome the The seasonal cycle of the bio-optical properties and the temporal (and spatial) constraints we use an ocean sea surface temperature are described in the Japan/ ecosystem model developed for the equatorial Pacific East Sea using SeaWIFS and AVHRR satellite imagery Ocean. The model consists of ten compartments for 1998 - 2000. We show how this cycle is linked to the describing two size classes of phytoplankton and zoo- seasonal circulation of the basin. The spring bloom plankton, detrital nitrogen and detrital silicon, silicate, begins in the southern basin in March and propagates total CO 2 and two forms of dissolved inorganic nitro- into the northern basin in late May. The spring bloom gen: nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4), which are closely follows the sea surface warming in the basin treated separately, thus enabling division of primary with increasing solar insulation. A strong bloom production into new production and regenerated (>lmg/m ~) is well defined at the Subpolar front in May production. This ten-component biological model is which is characterized by a complex series of anticy- coupled with a three-dimensional ocean circulation clonic eddies. By summer (June), the basin has low model based on the Modular Ocean Model and forced chlorophyll levels (<0.1 mg/1) with elevated SST. A fall with COADS monthly wind and heat flux. In the chlorophyll bloom occurs in Nov, begins in the northern eastern equatorial Pacific, multiple iron-enrichment basin (>1.0 mg/m~), and moved into the southern basin 6 Oceanography • Vo[. 14 • No. 1/2001 H experiments in an area of 4000 km 2 are simulated operations have recently become viable due to continu- bychanging the photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient ing improvements in computational capacity, model uptake kinetics. The model results of iron-enrichment development and data acquisition and processing. A experiments will be discussed. global implementation of the Navy Coastal Ocean '(Corresponding author: R.T. Barber, [email protected]), Model (NCOM), developed by the Naval Research Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina USA Laboratory (NRL) at Stennis Space Center for transition :San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California USA to the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), is ~University of Maine, Orono, Maine USA at the forefront of global ocean modeling. Global 4National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, NCOM encompasses the open ocean to 5 m depth in a Florida USA curvilinear global model grid with 1/8 degree grid spacing at 45°N, extending from 80°S to a complete arc- BARNES, J.', J. Grace', S. Veitch 1, P. EglF and A. tic cap with grid singularities mapped into Canada and Hanson 2 Russia. Vertically the model employs 41 sigma-z levels with sigma in the upper ocean and coastal regions and Integration of a Real-Time Trace Chemical Analyzer z in the deeper ocean. The Navy Operational Global into an AUV Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) provides The study of chemical plumes in the ocean is made dif- 6-hourly wind stresses and heat fluxes for forcing, while ficult by a lack of capable instrumentation. SubChem the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System Systems has created a real-time, trace chemical analyz- (MODAS) provides background climatology and tools er that solves this problem. To increase its capabilities, for data preprocessing. Operationally available sea sur- in May of 2000 a student project to mount a next gener- face temperature (SST) and altimetry (SSH) data are ation chemical analyzer on an AUV was initiated. The incorporated into NAVOCEANO global MODAS and REMUS AUV built by Woods Hole Oceanographic Navy Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) analyses and Institution was chosen as a platform. This project forecasts of SSH and SST.