SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Supplementary Table 1. Effects of 43 risk SNPs for type 2 diabetes or hyperglycemia on the levels of eight amino acids in non‐diabetic METSIM participants. SNP Gene Alleles T2D and/or MAF N HWE Alanine Glutamine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Phenylalanine Tyrosine Histidine maj/min GLU SNP total P-val % B P % B P % B P % B P % B P % B P % B P % B P rs780094 GCKR G/A GLU, T2D 37.7 5227 1.00 1.9 1.6E-11 -1.2 1.0E-05 0.2 0.719 1.2 0.001 2.3 3.1E-06 0.1 0.763 -1.1 0.001 -0.8 0.003 rs8042680 PRC1 A/G T2D 31.3 5735 0.09 0.3 0.386 0.0 0.888 1.2 0.001 1.2 0.002 1.7 0.001 0.6 0.088 0.4 0.419 0.5 0.097 rs11708067 ADCY5 G/T GLU, T2D 15.8 5086 0.42 -1.2 0.001 -1.0 0.003 0.1 0.881 -0.3 0.607 0.5 0.548 -0.3 0.471 -1.1 0.032 -0.2 0.722 rs7578326 IRS1 G/A T2D 34.7 5819 1.00 0.1 0.936 -0.4 0.202 -0.7 0.047 -0.8 0.019 -1.5 0.003 -0.1 0.701 -0.7 0.037 -0.5 0.039 rs10811661 CDKN2B A/G T2D 14.8 6708 0.98 -0.6 0.082 -1.0 0.004 0.5 0.262 -0.2 0.889 0.4 0.579 0.6 0.079 0.1 0.713 -0.2 0.612 rs10885122 ADRA2A G/C GLU 15.5 5100 0.44 -0.8 0.034 -0.2 0.666 -0.1 0.893 0.1 0.920 0.7 0.396 -0.3 0.400 -0.4 0.530 -1.0 0.013 rs864745 JAZF1 A/G T2D 48.4 6713 0.34 -0.6 0.029 0.3 0.212 -0.3 0.324 -0.6 0.109 -1.1 0.008 -0.3 0.225 0.4 0.302 0.3 0.114 rs7501939 HNF1B A/C T2D 32.9 6426 0.86 0.0 0.856 -0.6 0.021 -0.1 0.873 0.9 0.082 1.2 0.009 0.0 0.998 0.4 0.264 0.4 0.120 rs13292136 CHCHD9 C/T T2D 13.8 5951 0.85 0.2 0.663 -0.1 0.790 0.7 0.132 0.3 0.694 0.8 0.329 0.5 0.171 1.3 0.012 0.4 0.294 rs896854 TP53INP1 A/C T2D 46.0 5796 0.88 0.6 0.013 0.0 0.843 0.0 0.853 0.3 0.327 -0.1 0.848 0.0 0.874 0.1 0.650 -0.5 0.059 rs10923931 NOTCH2 G/T T2D 14.0 6712 0.89 -0.3 0.304 0.3 0.423 -0.2 0.802 0.1 0.974 -0.6 0.174 -0.8 0.014 0.2 0.912 -0.1 0.934 rs1552224 CENTD2 T/C T2D 24.8 5906 0.05 0.7 0.016 -0.1 0.731 0.0 0.813 0.7 0.144 0.8 0.162 0.2 0.529 -0.1 0.800 0.1 0.842 rs7961581 TSPAN8 A/G T2D 19.7 6707 0.40 0.6 0.066 0.2 0.737 0.6 0.103 0.6 0.257 1.4 0.018 0.4 0.274 0.8 0.034 0.4 0.197 rs13266634 SLC30A8 T/A T2D, GLU 39.3 6712 0.94 -0.6 0.020 -0.4 0.061 -0.4 0.107 -0.3 0.486 -0.9 0.035 0.3 0.232 -0.5 0.103 -0.3 0.202 rs560887 G6PC2 C/T GLU 27.8 4983 0.01 -0.3 0.316 -0.2 0.711 0.8 0.032 1.2 0.024 1.3 0.037 0.5 0.081 0.5 0.295 -0.1 0.730 rs10423928 GIPR G/A GLU 21.7 5711 0.80 -0.7 0.026 0.5 0.136 -0.3 0.569 -0.4 0.429 -0.4 0.638 -0.6 0.071 0.3 0.580 0.2 0.412 rs7944584 MADD C/T GLU 18.0 5082 0.33 -0.3 0.410 0.1 0.868 -0.8 0.087 -1.1 0.029 -0.8 0.121 0.0 0.835 -0.3 0.675 0.2 0.690 rs9939609 FTO T/A T2D 40.0 6707 0.98 -0.3 0.429 -0.3 0.155 -0.1 0.819 0.0 0.948 0.4 0.394 0.0 0.950 -0.2 0.670 0.5 0.027 rs174550 FADS1 C/A GLU 42.7 5073 0.85 0.0 0.931 0.3 0.218 0.6 0.068 -0.4 0.434 0.9 0.070 0.5 0.048 0.4 0.176 0.1 0.639 rs2191349 DGBK C/T GLU, T2D 43.1 5019 0.76 -0.5 0.080 -0.2 0.722 -0.7 0.051 -0.2 0.538 -0.3 0.506 -0.1 0.621 -0.5 0.128 -0.1 0.564 rs4457053 ZBED3 G/C T2D 21.2 5901 0.57 0.6 0.055 0.4 0.314 0.0 0.926 -0.6 0.269 0.1 0.559 -0.1 0.868 0.4 0.457 0.1 0.686 rs7034200 GLIS3 C/T GLU 48.8 4929 0.01 0.2 0.370 0.5 0.085 0.6 0.059 0.2 0.637 0.2 0.731 0.2 0.421 0.1 0.866 0.3 0.338 rs2283228 KCNQ1 C/A T2D 6.1 6714 0.57 0.9 0.072 -0.2 0.740 -0.6 0.443 -0.2 0.716 -0.4 0.567 0.3 0.492 -0.2 0.836 -0.2 0.489 rs12779790 CDC123 A/G T2D 21.3 6700 0.44 0.0 0.846 -0.2 0.609 -0.3 0.323 0.1 0.893 -0.5 0.474 0.6 0.073 0.4 0.295 0.1 0.876 rs4402960 IGF2BP2 A/G T2D 31.9 6709 0.42 0.4 0.148 0.3 0.304 0.0 0.740 0.2 0.499 0.7 0.082 0.1 0.734 0.0 0.940 0.2 0.370 rs11605924 CRY2 G/A GLU 47.0 4765 0.43 -0.1 0.764 -0.3 0.353 -0.3 0.348 -0.7 0.097 -0.6 0.177 0.0 0.926 0.5 0.121 -0.5 0.133 ©2012 American Diabetes Association. Published online at http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.2337/db11-1378/-/DC1 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA rs243021 BCL11A A/C T2D 43.6 5837 0.92 -0.4 0.176 0.2 0.657 -0.3 0.334 0.2 0.703 -0.5 0.265 -0.2 0.352 -0.4 0.289 -0.4 0.089 rs10010131 WFS1 G/A T2D 44.6 6714 0.71 0.1 0.512 0.1 0.697 0.5 0.100 0.0 0.951 0.6 0.108 0.1 0.715 0.3 0.551 0.1 0.942 rs1801282 PPARG A/T T2D 15.3 6716 0.78 -0.1 0.798 -0.2 0.508 -0.6 0.159 -0.2 0.779 -1.0 0.134 0.3 0.439 -0.3 0.490 -0.6 0.132 rs10830963 MTNR1B C/G T2D, GLU 35.8 6701 0.32 0.1 0.601 0.2 0.342 0.4 0.213 0.0 0.894 -0.1 0.682 -0.4 0.108 -0.4 0.195 0.1 0.746 rs4607103 ADAMTS9 C/A T2D 25.8 6716 0.38 -0.1 0.597 -0.4 0.121 0.2 0.635 0.5 0.431 0.6 0.422 0.4 0.267 0.1 0.785 0.4 0.285 rs11071657 FAM148A C/G GLU 30.5 5078 0.18 0.2 0.476 -0.1 0.799 -0.2 0.390 0.7 0.125 0.0 0.912 0.2 0.674 0.2 0.707 0.2 0.603 rs7754840 CDKAL1 C/A T2D 36.9 6716 0.96 0.0 0.876 0.1 0.553 -0.2 0.454 -0.6 0.132 -0.5 0.248 0.1 0.425 0.0 0.889 -0.1 0.966 rs4607517 GCK T/C GLU, T2D 9.8 5114 1.00 0.6 0.197 -0.2 0.550 0.2 0.884 -0.2 0.822 -0.4 0.477 0.1 0.984 0.5 0.416 0.6 0.159 rs340874 PROX1 T/A GLU, T2D 39.7 5049 0.10 0.2 0.346 -0.4 0.185 -0.1 0.731 0.4 0.340 0.6 0.155 0.3 0.244 0.1 0.963 -0.2 0.549 rs7578597 THADA C/T T2D 5.1 6714 0.90 -0.3 0.501 -0.3 0.612 0.5 0.586 -0.3 0.678 1.2 0.202 0.3 0.598 0.1 0.907 -0.2 0.743 rs231362 KCNQ1 C/T T2D 47.9 5143 0.98 -0.4 0.225 0.0 0.895 0.0 0.822 0.1 0.626 0.5 0.282 0.2 0.539 0.0 0.858 0.2 0.856 rs11920090 SLC2A2 A/G GLU 13.1 5108 0.87 0.2 0.810 0.6 0.240 -0.3 0.477 0.5 0.525 -0.4 0.572 0.7 0.060 0.7 0.225 0.4 0.353 rs5219 KCNJ11 C/T T2D 47.4 6692 0.99 -0.2 0.684 0.2 0.594 0.4 0.120 0.2 0.377 -0.1 0.961 -0.2 0.461 0.0 0.792 0.3 0.257 rs1111875 HHEX A/G T2D 46.6 6716 0.59 0.2 0.484 0.0 0.998 0.2 0.462 0.3 0.421 -0.1 0.981 -0.1 0.842 0.3 0.311 0.1 0.497 rs7903146 TCF7L2 G/A T2D, GLU 17.5 6715 0.45 0.1 0.697 -0.3 0.417 -0.2 0.530 0.0 0.933 0.0 0.705 0.3 0.328 -0.1 0.681 -0.2 0.486 rs11634397 ZFAND6 A/G T2D 40.6 5837 0.98 0.1 0.709 -0.3 0.420 0.0 0.982 -0.2 0.638 -0.4 0.438 0.0 0.781 0.1 0.439 0.0 0.901 rs2612067 HMGA2 G/A T2D 6.8 5879 0.55 -0.4 0.519 -0.5 0.487 0.1 0.932 0.6 0.495 -0.3 0.733 -0.2 0.699 0.1 0.859 0.0 0.934 Major/minor alleles are shown.