Hate Groups and the Ku Klux Klan ___________________________________________________________________ Teacher Introduction: A “hate group” is an organized group or movement that, based upon their official statements, principles, or actions, advocates hate, hostility, and violence towards an entire class of people. This hate is typically based upon people’s immutable traits, such as their race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation or gender identity. When a hate group commits a criminal offense against a person or property as a result of their bias against these traits, it is considered a hate crime. It is important to understand and acknowledge that hate groups have existed in the United States for centuries, creating a pattern of historical bigotry that has gained mainstream attention more than once. One of the oldest and most famous hate groups in U.S. history is the Ku Klux Klan or the KKK. Founded in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee by former Confederate veterans as a social club, the Ku Klux Klan began to wage underground campaigns of intimidation and violence against newly freed African Americans and any whites who would help them attain political and economic equality, especially through the Republican Party’s Reconstruction-era policies. Examples of their most prominent targets were black legislators elected during the first few years of reconstruction, white republicans (who were derided as “carpetbaggers” and “scalawags”) and black institutions such as schools and churches (which were symbols of black autonomy). By 1867, other local Ku Klux Klan branches had arisen and met in an organized convention to establish what they called an “Invisible Empire of the South,” (History.com). Their first leader was Nathan Bedford Forrest, a former Confederate general, and he was given the title of “Imperial wizard”. Other outlandish titles (such as exalted cyclops, kleagle, or terrors), their white sheet costumes, violent “night rides”, and the notion that the group comprised of an “invisible empire” created a mysterious nature that only added to the Klan’s popularity and intimidation. Lynchings, tar-and-featherings, rapes, burning crosses, and other violent attacks on ​ those challenging white supremacy also became a hallmark of the Klan. By the 1870’s, the KKK had branches in nearly every southern state. As the years past, their power and influence varied in strength, but was most prominent in three peak time periods in history: post the Civil War, the 1920’s, and the Civil Rights era. Before, during, between, and after these time periods, the Ku Klux Klan was hard to suppress, and creating opposition against the Klan was no easy task. Local law enforcement officials in regions where KKK activity took place were either a part of the Klan themselves or declined to take action against it. Even those who did take action and arrested accused Klansmen often found it difficult to find witnesses willing to testify against them. Additionally, many leading white citizens in the southern 1 communities chose not to speak out against the Klan’s actions, giving the KKK tacit approval. As the 20th century played out in history, the separate KKK branches often struggled to follow a clear structure or leadership. However, the local klan members who acted on their own did so while continuing to support the common goals of the KKK: defeating Radical Reconstruction and restoring white supremacy in the South. Since the 1970’s, the Ku Klux Klan has been weakened through internal conflicts, court cases, public backlash, and endless splits or infiltrations. It might be easy to imagine that groups such ​ as the KKK have been pushed down and diminished in society due to progress and greater education, but the truth of the matter is that many hate groups are still just as active as they were a century earlier. Some of these groups include the KKK, neo-Nazis, white nationalist, black ​ nationalists, racist skinhead, anti-muslim, neo-confederate, and anti-LGBTQ. While some present day factions have maintained an openly racist and hateful approach, others have tried to enter the mainstream, cloaking their racism as “civil rights for whites.” Though it is imperative to demand the halt of openly prejudiced groups, such as the hater in a white sheet, it is just as important to stop the wolf in sheep's clothing. Hate breeds more hate and to end this harsh cycle, kindness and tolerance must be embraced. Teacher’s Note on This Lesson: This lesson hopes to encourage students to look at these groups through the standards of the period and to understand the evolution in hate group activity that took place during the late 19th century, 20th century, and into today. __________________________________________________________________ Social Studies Georgia Standards of Excellence: Grade 5: SS5H1 Describe how life changed in America at the Turn of the Century. ​ ​ Grades 6-8: L6-8RH1 Cite Specific Textual evidence to support analysis of primary and ​ ​ secondary sources. Grades 6-8: L6-8RH2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary ​ ​ source; provide an accurate summary of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. Grades 6-8: L6-8RH8 Identify aspects of a text that reveal an author’s point of view or purpose ​ ​ (e.g. loaded language, inclusion or avoidance of particular facts.) Grades 6-8: L6-8RH8 Distinguish among fact, opinion, and reasoned judgment in a text. ​ ​ Grade 8: SS8H6 Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia. ​ ​ 2 Grade 8: SS8H7 Evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia ​ ​ during the New South Era. United States History: SSUSH10 Identify legal, political, and social dimensions of ​ ​ Reconstruction. United States History: SSUSH13 Evaluate efforts to reform American society and politics in the ​ ​ Progressive Era. Lesson Objectives: ● Understand the decisions and social beliefs that led to the creation of certain hate groups, the Ku Klux Klan in particular. ● Analyze the three key time periods in which the KKK was on the rise and why that was the case. ● Understand that hate groups have not gone away and are still an unfortunate reality of modern society. ● Interpret period photos from the late 19th-early 20th century. ● Analyze primary and secondary documents that portray American life during the late 19th-early 20th century. Lesson Duration: One class period or one hour. This can be modified to fit your class period ​ ​ ​ length. ___________________________________________________________________ Lesson: 1. Ask you class introductory questions to get them thinking? a. What is a hate group? b. Who has heard of the Ku Klux Klan? i. What do you know about them? ii. Are they still around? iii. Do you know of any other hate groups? 2. Summarize the information related in the Teacher Introduction above. Have them make connections between the introduction information and certain exhibit items, explaining how they relate to each other. 3. Split your class into three groups. Assign each group to one of the Ku Klux Klan peak time periods for them to explore. a. Post Civil-War Period b. 1920’s Period c. Civil Rights/Mid-20th Century Period 3 Once the students have analyzed and understand their respective time periods, they should present their findings through the text and pictures provided to the class. Keep in ​ mind that the materials in this lesson include the use of period terms that are not in good taste today. The terms “colored,” and “negro” were used by both races when referring to African Americans during this time period. Please let your students know that though the meanings of these terms have changed today and are not appropriate to use in a normal setting, they are left in this lesson for historical accuracy. 4. Once the students understand the peaks in KKK activity, show them the example of the KKK at the Georgia’s Old Governor’s Mansion in the 1940’s. Explain how hateful actions did not stop when these peaks ended, but continue to happen before, between, and after these peaks. 5. Discuss the current hate group reality in the United States today with the example you can find online. There are unfortunately many to choose from. __________________________________________________________________ 4 Group A: Post Civil War The Civil War had come to an end, the Emancipation Proclamation was passed, Reconstruction was beginning, and great fear began to arise in the southern white community in the post Civil War era. Afraid of how their dominant and biased lifestyle would change, some southern whites banded together and formed the Ku Klux Klan. The Ku Klux Klan was a hate group that employed intimidation and committed violent raids, destruction of property, assualt and murder against the newly freed African Americans and any whites who would help them attain political and economic equality, especially through the Republican Party’s Reconstruction-era policies. By the 1870’s, as violence continued to increase, republican state governments in the South turned to Congress for help, which resulted in the passage of the three Enforcement Acts, the strongest of which was the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871. The Ku Klux Klan Act gave the president, who was Ulysses S. Grant at the time, the power to declare martial law and impose heavy penalties against anyone or any group who tried to deny others equal protection or ​ ​ privileges under the law, specifically the 14th Amendment. It also gave the president the ability to use military forces to accomplish such penalties, and some even believed he could deprive ​ citizens of the right to hold office or serve on juries. Though Congress passed the legislation to curb Klan terrorism and end white supremacy acts, the overarching federal power actually ended up spurring more fear than success. This expansion ​ of federal authority–which Ulysses S. Grant promptly used in 1871 to crush Klan activity in ​ ​ ​ South Carolina and other areas of the South–outraged Democrats and even alarmed many Republicans.