10-16103 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes -- Guidelines on Pest Risk Analysis Lignes directrices pour l'analyse du risque phytosanitaire Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests PEST RISK ANALYSIS FOR Bactrocera invadens Pest risk analysts: A preliminary draft has been prepared by José María Guitián Castrillón, Diana Catalan Ruescas and the EPPO Secretariat. This document has been reviewed by an Expert Working Group composed of: Marc De Meyer1, Denis Félicité Zulma2, Catherine Guichard2, Jose Maria Guitián Castrillon3Alan MacLeod4, Frédéric Plumelle5, Serge Quilici6, Nursen Üstün7, Jean-François Vaysières8 on 2009-12- 07/10. 1Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren (BE) 2 Comité de Liaison Europe-Afrique- Caraïbes-Pacifique (COLEACP) 3 Tecnologias y Servicios Agrarios, S. A. - TRAGSATEC, C / Hnos. Garcia Noblejas, 37C. 2a Planta, 280037 Madrid (ES) 4 The Food and Environment Research Agency Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ (UK) 5 Plumelle Consulting (FR) 6 UMR "Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical", CIRAD Réunion (FR) 7 Plant Protection Research Institute, 35040, Bornova, Izmir (TR) 8 IITA-CIRAD / Biological Control Center for Africa, 08 B.P. 0932 Tri Postal Cotonou, Rép.du Bénin (BJ) Stage 1: Initiation 1 Identification Since 2003, a new fruit fly species, morphologically very similar to B. dorsalis, has been Give the reason for performing the PRA of a single pest reported spreading rapidly throughout Sub Saharan Africa. This new pest is attacking cultivated and local tropical fruits (eg. mangoes, guava, papaya, Citrus spp., etc.) . It was recently described and called Bactrocera invadens (Drew et al., 2005). 1b If other reason, specify 1 10-16103 2a Bactrocera Enter the name of the pest invadens Drew, Pest name (what you enter here will appear as a Tsuruta & heading) White 2b arthropod Indicate the type of the pest 2c if other, specify 2d Diptera: Indicate the taxonomic position Tephritidae 3 The EPPO Clearly define the PRA area region 4 no No PRA for Bactrocera invadens for the EPPO region exists. Does a relevant earlier PRA exist? A PRA for the EPPO region on Bactrocera zonata had been performed by M. Bahdousheh, R. Baker, M. Katbeh, M. Bilal Arafat (see the EPPO Report of the PRA for Bactrocera zonata). A PRA had also been perfomed on this species by the Spanish NPPO. PRAs for the USA provide useful information: Cave GL (2008) Musa As A Host For Bactrocera (Bactrocera) invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae). USDA, APHIS. 5 p. USDA (2006a) Importation of Mangifera indica (L.) (mango) fruit from Ghana into the United States. A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment. USDA. 60 p. USDA (2006b) Importation of Mangifera indica (L.) (Mango) from Senegal into the United States. A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment. USDA. 46 p. USDA (2008) Importation of Mangifera indica (L.) (Mango) Fruit from the Economic Community of West African States into the Continental United States. 118 p. A PRA on Bactrocera dorsalis has also been performed by the USA. Only the establishment part of the analysis could be retrieved: Hennessey MK & Borchert DM (2006) Draft Area of the Conterminous United States 2 10-16103 Susceptible to Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, Establishment. USDA-APHIS-PPQ- CPHST-PERAL. 5 p. 6 B. invadens is highly polyphagous as it counts more than 40 cultivated and wild hosts in Benin Specify all host plant species (for pests directly (Vayssières et al., 2009), and is expected to have as broad a host range as some other members affecting plants) or suitable habitats (for non in the B. dorsalis complex. All known hosts are recorded from Africa, there are no data parasitic plants). Indicate the ones which are available on hosts within the native range of B. invadens in Asia (Mwatawala et al., 2009). present in the PRA area. Among major hosts are mango (Mangifera indica) and guava (Psidium guajava) (CABI, 2007), the list of hosts is presented in Appendix 1. 7 B. invadens is believed to be native to Asia. Following the discovery of this species in Kenya in Specify the pest distribution 2003, R. A. I. Drew (Brisbane, Australia) was examining specimens collected in Sri Lanka in 1993 by K. Tsuruta (Yokohama, Japan) during his survey of that island. This species had previously been overlooked as unusual variants of several other species. However, their discovery confirms that the native range of B. invadens includes Sri Lanka, where it is not known to have any status as a pest. The native range is likely larger than currently assumed, since specimens may be misidentified as other representatives of the complex (de Meyer et al., 2009). It is not clear whether Buthan should be considered as part of the native area (de Meyer et al., 2009). Asia: Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka. Note: In India, the species occurs and it has been recorded for the first time in 2005 in Tamil Nadu in mango orchards, and it was particularly dominant in Chennai (Sithanantham et al., 2006). Africa: Angola, Benin (first found 2004-06), Burkina Faso (2005-05), Burundi (2008-11), Cameroon (2004-08), Central African Republic (2008-08), Chad, Congo (2005-11), Comoros (2005-08), Côte d’Ivoire (2005-05), Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia (2004-07), Gabon, Gambia (2005-06), Ghana (2004-11), Guinea (2005-05), Guinea- Bissau (2005-07), Kenya (2003-02), Liberia (2005-07), Mali (2005-06), Mauritania (2007-08), Mayotte (France) (2007-03), Mozambique (2007-07), Namibia (2008-10), Niger (2005-08), Nigeria (2003-11), Senegal (2004-06), Sierra Leone (2005-07), Sudan (2004-05), Tanzania (2003-07), Togo (2004-10), Uganda (2004-07), Zambia (2008). 3 10-16103 Note: Its first place of discovery (i.e. Kenya) should not be assumed to be its point of entry into Africa, as it may have been overlooked in some areas. 4 10-16103 Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment - Section A : Pest categorization init Continue with - Pest Categorization 8 yes Bactrocera invadens is a member of the Oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis (Hendel) complex that is Does the name you have given for the native to Asia and includes several pest species. organism correspond to a single taxonomic It is important to note that larvae of B. invadens cannot be distinguished from other species of entity which can be adequately distinguished the B. dorsalis complex and must be bred to adults in order to confirm their identification from other entities of the same rank? (White & Elson-Harris, 1992). Drew et al. (2008) provide morphological characteristics to differentiate adults of the main Bactrocera dorsalis complex species. 10 yes (the In its native region (believed to be Sri Lanka), B. invadens is currently not recognized as a pest. Is the organism in its area of current organism is In the circular No. UA/CPI/2005/01 from the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council, it has been distribution a known pest (or vector of a pest) considered to rated as “a devastating quarantine pest” (FAO/IAIEA, 2005). Since its first report in 2003, B. of plants or plant products? be a pest) invadens has become a significant pest of quarantine and economic importance in West and East Africa (Mwatawala et al., 2004; Vayssières et al., 2005; Ekesi et al., 2006). Researches in Benin (Vayssières et al., 2005), Kenya (Ekesi et al., 2006; Rwomushana et al., 2008) and Tanzania (Mwatawala et al., 2006) demonstrate that B. invadens can become dominant in mango monocultures (Vayssières et al., 2008; 2009). 12 no Does the pest occur in the PRA area? 14 yes Among hosts of B. invadens, Carica papaya, Citrus spp. and Mangifera indica are grown in the Does at least one host-plant species (for pests EPPO region (see Appendix 2). directly affecting plants) or one suitable habitat (for non parasitic plants) occur in the PRA area (outdoors, in protected cultivation or both)? 15a no Not applicable Is transmission by a vector the only means by which the pest can spread naturally? 16 uncertain According to de Meyer et al. (2009), based on the distribution in its native range, most suitable Does the known area of current distribution of areas for the establishment of B. invadens fall within the Equatorial climate categories the pest include ecoclimatic conditions (minimum temperatures > 18°C), with the species preferring hot and humid environments. comparable with those of the PRA area or Annual precipitation must be high although it does not have to be continuous. Comparing the sufficiently similar for the pest to survive and distribution of B. invadens with the Köppen-Geiger climate classification (Kottek et al., 2006), 5 10-16103 thrive (consider also protected conditions)? most suitable areas identified fall within the Equatorial climate categories (minimum temperatures of 18°C), especially: - equatorial forest, fully humid - equatorial monsoon, defined as a climate with a short dry season, but with still sufficient moisture to keep the soil humid throughout the year. Such climates are not present in the EPPO region. Nevertheless, while comparing the potential distribution of B. invadens with congeners, it appears that Bactrocera zonata, having initially a tropical distribution has established in the Mediterranean basin (it is now recorded in Egypt, Iran and Jordan, and has been eradicated from Israel according to EPPO, 2002). A climatic prediction has been performed for Bactrocera dorsalis by Stephens et al. (2008) which shows that the projected distribution of the species includes much of the tropics and subtropics and extends into warm temperate areas such as southern Mediterranean Europe, and should extend northward with climate change. A detailed climatic study is required to evaluate the suitability of the PRA area (which is done further in this PRA).