Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 i ii Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 i STUDIES IN POLITICS AND SOCIETY A Journal of the Nigerian Political Science Association SIPAS NON-THEMATIC Volume 8, Number 1&2, December, 2019 Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, December, 2019 www.npsang.org ii Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 Editor-in-Chief Professor Aloysius-Michaels Okolie University of Nigeria, Nsukka Editor Dr. Gafar Idowu Ayodeji Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun Associate Editor – Robert O. Dode, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State Associate Editor – Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso, Babcock University, Ogun State Associate Editor – Jacob Audu, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State Associate Editor - C. Jaja Nwanegbo, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State Business Editor Dr. Gerald Ezirim, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Consulting Editors Professor Warisu O. Alli, University of Jos Professor Hassan Saliu, University of Ilorin Professor O.B.C. Nwolise, University of Ibadan Professor Celestine Bassey, University of Calabar Professor Solomon Akinboye, University of Lagos Professor Marietu Tenuche, Kogi State University Advisory Editorial Group Professor Okwudiba Nnoli, PACREP, Enugu Professor Adele Jinadu, University of Lagos Professor Assisi Asobie, Nasarawa State University, Keffi Professor R. Ayo Dunmoye, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Professor Abdullahi Sule, Bayero University Kano Professor Makodi Biereenu-Nnabugwu, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Professor Godwin Onu, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Professor Habu Mohammed, Bayero University, Kano Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 iii NIGERIAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION (NPSA) Executive Committee, 2018-2021 President Professor Aloysius-Michaels Okolie Vice President Professor Hassan A. Saliu Secretary-General Dr. Gerald Ekene Ezirim Assistant Secretary Dr. Jacob Audu Treasurer Mrs. Rebecca Ginikanwa Nnamani Internal Auditor Professor C. Jaja Nwanegbo Director of Research Professor Gafar Ayodeji Ex-Officio Member 1 Professor Shuaibu Ibrahim Ex-Officio Member 2 Professor Robert O. Dode iv Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 Studies in Politics and Society (SIPAS) is a peer reviewed journal of the Nigerian Political Science Association. It serves as a platform for the development and exchange of ideas on political issues within and outside Nigeria. Scholarly articles are invited on any issue or field of Political Science and the Social Sciences. Areas of focus include but not limited to political theory, state and governmental institutions, public policy, public development, political economy, development and underdevelopment, gender studies, social change, conflict and peace studies, security and strategic studies, international politics and diplomacy. It also accepts scholarly reviews of relevant books. SIPAS is an annual publication which features in May/June, with special (that is thematic) editions on specific themes in December/January. Papers for consideration in either of the editions should not be under assessment or published elsewhere. SIPAS accords priority to analytical and empirical studies. Guideline for Submission 1. Articles should be typed 12-point font size and 1.5 line spacing, Times New Roman; and should not exceed 18 pages of A4 size paper - including references. 2. Articles should conform to APA citation style. The in-text citation should be restricted to author’s name, date and page, for example Udenka (2014, p.3). This should be complemented in the out-text by the authors’ surnames and initials followed by the year of publication, title, place of publication and name of publishers. For example: Zakari, O.V. (2012). Nigeria political system. Lokoja: Confluence Publishers. 3. Articles should be divided into introduction, main body and conclusion, and should be preceded by an abstract of not more than 180 words and 5 or 6 key words. 4. Pages should be numbered consecutively throughout. The title page (that is, p.1) should contain the title of the article, authors’ full name(s), address (es) and status of the author(s). Page 2 should contain only the title, abstract, key words and part of the introduction to enhance blind peer review. 5. Authors should avoid making statements that would link them to the article. Example, “Like I earlier said”, “as we have earlier asserted” etc. Submission • Forward electronic or soft copy to: [email protected]; VISIT - NPSA WEBSITE: h1p://www.npsang.org Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 v Chronology of Past Presidents Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA) Professor Billy Dudley 1973-1974 Professor Babs William 1974-1975 Professor Michael S. O. Olisa 1975-1977 Professor Ali D. Yahaya 1977-1979 Professor Omo Omoruyi 1979-1980 Professor Claude Ake 1980-1982 Professor Okwudiba Nnoli 1982-1984 Professor Sam Oyovbaire 1984-1986 Professor J. Moyibi Amoda 1986-1988 Professor John A.A. Ayoade 1988-1990 Professor Aaron T. Gana 1990-1992 Professor Leo Dare 1992-1998 Dr. Paul Izah 1998-2003 Professor I. Adele Jinadu 2003-2005 Professor Humphrey Assisi Asobie 2005-2007 Professor Sam Gabriel Egwu 2007-2012 Professor Abdullahi Sule 2012-2015 Professor Shuaibu A. Ibrahim 2015-2018 Professor Aloysius-Michaels Okolie NPSA President, 2018-2021 vi Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 In this Issue Government Defence Expenditure and Human Security Crises in Nigeria, 2005-2017 Aloysius-Michaels Okolie; Nnamani, Kelechi Elijah & Nwoke, Ikemefuna Sunday - - - - - - 1 Institutional Impediments to Achieving Free and Fair Elections in Nigeria and the Way Forward Emmanuel Samuel Iriemi Ejere - - - - - 31 Intra-Party Conflicts in Nigeria: An Assessment of Causes, Effects and Conflict Management Strategies of the All Progressives Congress (APC) Shadrack, Danbaba Terengson - - - - - 49 Transactional Politics and Democracy in Nigeria: Transforming Citizens’ Electoral Role in the 2019 General Elections George A. Genyi - - - - - - - 67 Notes on Nigerian Foreign Policy, 2015-2019 Hassan A. Saliu - - - - - - - 88 Globalisation and the Collapse of Textile Industries in Nigeria Muktar Bashir & Muhammad Shehu - - - - 109 Generating Fresh Vision of Democracy for Nigeria: The Position of South-South Nigeria on Political Restructuring Ambily Etekpe & Epoweide Isaiah Koko - - - - 129 Delinquent Political Leadership and National Underdevelopment Joy Ucha Egwu - - - - - - - 146 Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 vii Nigeria’s Democratic Experiment and Leadership Question: Interrogating the Tout Theory of Politics Jonah Onuoha - - - - - - - 167 From Unipolarity to Multipolarity: Interrogating the Shifts in Global Power Structure and Implications for the 21st Century World Order Monday E. Dickson - - - - - - - 195 Vote Buying and Future of Democracy in Nigeria: The 2019 General Election in Retrospective Vincent Chidi Onah - - - - - - 219 Political Versus Economic Restructuring: The Two Big Questions in Nigeria Michael I. Ugwueze - - - - - - - 228 Causes of Street Begging in Northern Nigeria: A Study of Gombe Metropolis Abubakar Umar Alhaji & Mu’azu Mohammed - - - 251 Political Godfathers, Women Empowerment and Emergence of Female Candidates for General Elections in Nigeria, 2011-2018 Ngozi Nwogwugwu, & Adebusola Morenikeji Odedina - - 268 Cattle Grazing and Threat to Security in Nigeria Dilichukwu Omemma - - - - - - 288 viii Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 Rethinking Campaign Financing and the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria Obi, Ndifon Neji & Immaculata Ofu Obaji-Akpet - - 305 Firstladyism and Political Ambition Gap between the Genders in Nigeria Margaret Apine & Sophia Osebi Balogun - - - 336 Democratic Governance and the Underdevelopment of Public Service System in Nigerian States: The Ebonyi State Experiment, 2015-2019 Okpata, Fidelis O., Ezika Goodness A. & Ukeje, Ikechukwu O. 352 Does Democracy Matter for Nigeria? Nna, Nekabari Johnson &Pabon, Baribene Gbara - - 264 Vote Trading and Credibility of Election in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges, 1999-2019 Ulu, Kalu Oko & Okogbuo, Joseph Chimaobi - - - 377 The Political and Economic Implications of Brexit for West African Countries Ikechi-Ekpendu, Chioma - - - - - - 396 Monetized Electoral Value Chain and the Challenges of Political Participation in Nigeria: A Reflection on Not-Too-Young-To-Run Act 2018 Ugonma Joy Ugbor Kalu - - - - - - 415 Studies in Politics and Society; Volume 8, Number 1&2, Dec., 2019 i GOVERNMENT DEFENCE EXPENDITURE AND HUMAN SECURITY CRISES IN NIGERIA, 2005-2017 Aloysius-Michaels Okolie; Nnamani, Kelechi Elijah & Nwoke, Ikemefuna Sunday Department of Political Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka 2Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract Nigeria’s defence expenditure has constituted a significant portion of its public spending in the last decade mainly due to the ongoing counterinsurgency operations across the country. Recent literature has investigated the impact of excessive military expenditure on economic growth, foreign direct investment and human development. None has investigated the linkage between defence expenditure and human security in Nigeria. Therefore, this study analyzes how excessive defence expenditure has impacted on human security in Nigeria. The study argues