THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND IT’S RESURGENCE Peter Kwame Womber INTRODUCTION The causes of the end of the Cold War remain one of the most important, and highly contested, debates in the study of international politics. Numerous scholars have detailed the effects that variables such as economic decline, relative power shifts, identity and behavioral changes, and complex learning, to name probably the most prominent examples, had on bringing the Cold War to a close (Haas, 2007: 145-146). This essay is to bring out the factors that led to the end of the Cold War. However an attempt will be made to elaborate on the meaning and concept of the Cold War, Soviet Union – United States relationship before the Cold War, and some factors that led to the Cold War. The years 1986-91 were the end game of the Cold War. End games of the cold war is said to be highly path dependent (Lebow, 1999: 27). The essay shall proceed to find out whether cold war has really ended or otherwise. MEANING/CONCEPT OF COLD WAR In his International Relations, V. N. Khanna states that the term Cold War was first used by Walter Lippmann by referring to a war-like-situation between two power blocs, yet it was not a war. This could also mean a subtle loud-less but noticeable war that exist between two factions, states, etc. In relation to International politics, cold war becomes a ‘diplomatic war’, devoid of armed conflict between two or more Powers. The Cold War could also be described as ‘peace time unarmed warfare’. It was essentially based on ideological hatred and political distrust that erupted between Russia and the USA right after World War II. These two emerging power blocs were-friendly- enemies who constantly carried on diplomatic manoevering to achieve one-upmanship as they opposed or demonstrated a strong animosity to each other ideologically. In this sense, the cold war 1 THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND IT’S RESURGENCE Peter Kwame Womber could be said to be an ideological war fought mainly between the two newly emerged superpowers – United States of America and Soviet Union, after the end of the Second World War. According to Khanna (2004), the war was used for an acute tension that developed between the United States of America and the Soviet Union and that it started right after the end of World War II in August, 1945 (Khanna, 2004: 263-4). According to Larking (1965), this ideological battle, Cold War, was a mixture of religious crusade in favour of one ideology or the other, and of the most ruthless power politics, striking out for advantage or expansion not only in Europe but all over the world (Larkin, 1965). The Cold War, partly because it remained cold or covert, has already lasted longer than the World War I (1914-18) and World War II (1939-45) combined (Brian, 1968: 183). In other context, the Cold War became geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle between two world superpowers, the USA and the USSR, that started in 1947 at the end of the Second World War and lasted until the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991 (Theodoros II, 2013). THE RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTED BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND SOVIET UNION DURING THE WORLD WAR II According to Khanna (2004), a strange alliance had come into existence after German invasion of the Soviet Union in June and Japanese bombardment of Pearl Harbour in December 1941. The Socialist State of the Soviet Union and the most powerful Capitalist State America found themselves as close allies and determined to defeat Fascist dictatorship. This friendship became necessary in order to contain and defeat Germany at the time. These two countries along with other 2 THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND IT’S RESURGENCE Peter Kwame Womber countries, notably Britain, France, and China were able to win a decisive war and defeated Nazi- Fascist Axis. However, the friendship had developed tensions even during the war. The strained relations developed into strange new type of war fought without weapons, Cold War. Khanna states that nobody expected Cold War till the summer of 1945 that the alliance would collapse like a pack of cards the moment the enemy was vanquished. The cementing force – common enmity of the Axis – was not so powerful as to last permanently, or for long (Khanna, 2004: 263). The friendly relationship that existed among these two powers was nowhere going to last because it just happened as a marriage of convenience whereby couples join together, not for love. It has been recognized that at the Yalta Conference in February, 1945 the goodwill among the Allies (USA-USSR) was so clearly visible that none could expect a cold war within a few months time. As the War II was nearing its end, differences among the Allies were growing in number as well as intensity. Yalta Conference was convened to overcome these differences. Another motive of the Conference was ailing President Roosevelt’s anxiety to bring the Soviet Union into war against Japan. According to Khanna, the two had concluded in 1941 a five year treaty of non- aggression, but in view of continued belligerence of Japan, the United States felt it necessary to persuade Soviet Union to declare war against Japan. In relation to the above, Russia took a softer line (it could not stick to the actual proposal) and Stalin agreed to do so three months after the war ended in Europe. The atmosphere at Yalta became so cordial that the Western leaders were convinced of lasting friendship. Prime Minister Churchill told the House of Commons on 27 February, 1945 that the Soviet leaders wanted friendship with the Western democracies so that mutual trust and cooperation could develop between them. 3 THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND IT’S RESURGENCE Peter Kwame Womber Churchill said that he trusted the Soviet leaders’ words as their commitment. Harry Hopkins of the United States was also confident of the far-sightedness of the Soviet leadership and of lasting friendship between the Western democracies and the Soviet Union. But these hopes were soon dashed. The friendship was not a genuine one because of the position of the Soviet Union – communism – and the USA – liberalism (Khanna, 2004: 263 - 264). CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR There was a constant military competition and espionage. There were two well-defined power blocs. There was the American Bloc, or Anglo-American Bloc, or the Western Bloc, or the Democratic Bloc. The Communists dubbed it as the Imperialist Bloc or the Capitalist Bloc. The rival bloc was led by the Soviet Union and was known as the Eastern Bloc, or Soviet Bloc, or Socialist Bloc, and the Western critics described it as Communist Bloc or the Totalitarian Bloc (Khanna, 2004: 264). In this diplomatic war, the United States tried to project the Soviet Union as the enemy of world peace; and Communism as destroyer of individual freedom. America kept on propagating that USSR was an expansionist State, an imperialist power which had not only installed Communist regimes by force in the East European countries but even crushed Hungarian and Czechoslovak communist leaders who desire to act independently of Soviet control and free from Russian domination. On the other hand, Soviet leadership described the Americans as colonialists, imperialists and capitalist exploiters (Khanna, 2004: 264 – 265; Kegley & Blanto, 201-2013: 100). According to Khanna (2004), there were several causes for the origin of the Cold War. Some writers prefer to rely on theories based on analysis of numerous wars and peace, while others 4 THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND IT’S RESURGENCE Peter Kwame Womber depend more on what actually happened during and after the war, that caused high level of tension leading to the Cold War (Khanna, 2004: 267). The cause of the Cold War is debatable. Because the Cold War doubles as a conflict between two countries (the USA and the USSR) and between two ideologies (Capitalism and Communism) several different causes can be suggested as follows: The abandonment of war time policy of collaboration. Second World War, the United States deliberately abandoned the wartime policy of collaboration and, exhilarated by the possession of the atomic bomb, undertook a course of aggression of its own designed to expel all Russian influence from Eastern Europe and to establish democratic-capitalist states on the very border of the Soviet Union. As the revisionists see it, this radically new American policy or rather this resumption by Truman of the pre-Roosevelt policy of insensate anti-communism left Moscow no alternative but to take measures in defense of its own borders. The result was the Cold War (Schlesinger Jr., 1967: 25). The Concept of Vacuum. A significant explanation of the origin of the Cold War is the concept of vacuum. The defeat of Germany was one of the major changes that occurred after the Second World War. After the war, with the decline of Great Powers such as Britain and France, left World power largely in the hands of the Soviet Union and the United States. As each power attempted to dominate, conflicts were inevitable since they could not cooperate with each other to fill the vacuum (Khanna, 2004: 268). Realism, the most prominent structural explanation, conceives of the Cold War as a power struggle and the almost inevitable consequence of the power vacuum created in Central Europe by the collapse of Germany at the end of World War II. Some realists contend that the conflict assumed an added dimension because of the bipolar structure of the 5 THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND IT’S RESURGENCE Peter Kwame Womber postwar world which transformed a regional conflict into a global one.