Durham E-Theses QATARTM AND A CHANGING CONCEPTION OF SECURITY ROBERTS, DAVID,BRYN How to cite: ROBERTS, DAVID,BRYN (2013) QATARTM AND A CHANGING CONCEPTION OF SECURITY, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9379/ Use policy This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives 3.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk QATAR™ AND A CHANGING CONCEPTION OF SECURITY Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 4 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................... 6 Table of Figures and Graphs .............................................................................................. 8 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 Structure of the Thesis ......................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 1: Literature Review .......................................................................................... 18 The historical context ........................................................................................................... 18 Theory .................................................................................................................................. 36 Chapter 2: Methodology & Theoretical Framework ......................................................... 42 Key Research Question......................................................................................................... 42 Methodologies: Qualitative v Quantitative ......................................................................... 43 Interview theory ............................................................................................................... 46 Impediments ..................................................................................................................... 48 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 50 Time Frame ....................................................................................................................... 50 Foreign Policy .................................................................................................................... 50 Alternative approaches: the path not taken .................................................................... 52 The Meta-Framework: The Goldilocks approach ............................................................. 54 Tactical Theories: State Branding & Soft Power ............................................................... 62 Chapter 3: Qatar in Historical Context ............................................................................. 68 The Local Milieu ................................................................................................................... 68 The British and the Ottomans .............................................................................................. 73 Independence ..................................................................................................................... 101 Page 1 of 278 A New Era Emerging ........................................................................................................... 111 A Domestic Focus............................................................................................................ 111 Regional and International Relations ............................................................................. 113 An Overt International Focus ......................................................................................... 122 Chapter 4: Analysis ....................................................................................................... 129 The American Security Umbrella ....................................................................................... 131 Domestic ......................................................................................................................... 133 Regional .......................................................................................................................... 134 International ................................................................................................................... 136 International Mediation ..................................................................................................... 139 Domestic ......................................................................................................................... 140 Regional .......................................................................................................................... 144 International ................................................................................................................... 148 International Relations and Investments ........................................................................... 151 Domestic ......................................................................................................................... 157 Regional .......................................................................................................................... 160 International ................................................................................................................... 164 Al Jazeera ............................................................................................................................ 169 Domestic ......................................................................................................................... 173 Regional .......................................................................................................................... 175 International ................................................................................................................... 176 Soft Policies: MICE, Sport, Culture and Education ............................................................. 178 Domestic ......................................................................................................................... 185 Regional .......................................................................................................................... 193 International ................................................................................................................... 197 Gas Policies ......................................................................................................................... 202 Page 2 of 278 Domestic ......................................................................................................................... 211 Regional .......................................................................................................................... 213 International ................................................................................................................... 216 Arab Spring Policies ............................................................................................................ 220 Domestic ......................................................................................................................... 224 Regional .......................................................................................................................... 225 International ................................................................................................................... 228 Chapter 5: Conclusion ................................................................................................... 232 Facilitating the Elite ............................................................................................................ 233 Perennial Concerns ............................................................................................................ 235 A Saudi Threat................................................................................................................. 235 Regional Dynamics .......................................................................................................... 237 New Concerns .................................................................................................................... 238 The North Field ............................................................................................................... 238 A Post-Hydrocarbon Future ............................................................................................ 239 All Politics is Domestic .................................................................................................... 240 An International Perspective .......................................................................................... 241 The Arab Spring .................................................................................................................. 242 Qatar’s Search for Security ................................................................................................. 245 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 252