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The ‘Awakening movement’ in early nineteenth-century Germany: The making of a modern and orthodox Protestantism By Andrew Alan Kloes Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2015 2 Declarations I, Andrew Alan Kloes, hereby certify that this thesis has been written by me; that it is the record of work carried out by me; and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. In compliance with university regulations for the assessment of research degrees, I acknowledge that some of the contents of this thesis, totaling less than 5,000 words in total, appear in the following journal articles that have been previously published or that are scheduled for publication. ‘The Committee for the Relief of Distress in Germany’, Pietismus und Neuzeit, 40 (2014), 163-201 ‘European Revivals and the History of Evangelicalism: Moving Beyond the Anglo-American Paradigm’, Fides et Historia, 47 (2015), forthcoming ‘Dissembling Orthodoxy in the Age of the Enlightenment: Frederick the Great and his Confession of Faith’, Harvard Theological Review, 109 (2016), forthcoming ‘German Protestants’ Interpretations of George Whitefield, 1739-1857’, Wesley and Methodist Studies, 8 (2016), forthcoming ‘The Enlightenment in the Historical Imagination of Evangelical and Awakened Protestants in Europe, Britain, and North America, c. 1750-1850’, Religion in the Age of Enlightenment, 6 (2016), forthcoming This thesis follows the third edition of the Modern Humanities Research Association’s Style Guide. Signature ______________________________ Date __________________________________ 3 4 Abstract This thesis examines the ‘Awakening movement’ (Erweckungsbewegung) in German Protestantism during the Vormärz period (1815-48) in German history. Many historians have noted that the Awakening was the last nationwide Protestant reform and revival movement to occur in Germany. This thesis interprets the Awakening movement as a product of the larger social changes that were re-shaping German society during the Vormärz period. Theologically, Awakened Protestants were traditionalists. They affirmed religious doctrines that orthodox Protestants had professed since the confessional statements of the Reformation-era. However, Awakened Protestants were also distinctly modern. Their efforts to spread their religious beliefs were successful because of the new political freedoms and economic opportunities that emerged in the early nineteenth century. These social conditions gave members of the emerging German middle class new means and abilities to pursue their religious goals. Awakened Protestants started many academic and popular publications, voluntary societies, and institutions for social reform. Adapting Protestantism to modern society in these ways was the most original and innovative aspect of the Awakening movement. After an introductory chapter, this study proceeds to discuss Awakened Protestants’ religious identity in relation to the history of the German Protestant tradition. Chapter one examines the historical development of the conception of religious ‘awakening’ within German Protestant thought from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Chapter two then analyses how the Awakening movement was animated by a particular set of objections to the eighteenth-century religious Enlightenment and to the Christianity of those who called themselves Protestant ‘rationalists’. Chapters three through six consider how the Awakening movement developed within four distinct areas of Protestant religious life: preaching, academic theology, organised evangelism, and pastoral initiatives. The thesis concludes that the Awakening movement represented the realisation of certain long-term reform goals that Martin Luther had defined in the 1520s. It was a type of Protestantism, whose appearance had previously been inhibited by the limitations of the social, political, and economic conditions of the early modern period. This thesis is the first substantial analysis of the Awakening written in English. 5 6 Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to a number of individuals and institutions whose support has made it possible for me to write this thesis. I first became interested in the ‘Awakening movement’ in early nineteenth- century German Protestantism when I was studying for my master’s degree. I wish to thank Professor Garth Rosell and Dr Adonis Vidu for their encouragement and helpful comments at an early stage in my research on this topic as they supervised my master’s thesis. I also wish to acknowledge the support that I received from the German Academic Exchange Service in the form of a German Studies Research Grant. These funds enabled me to research my master’s thesis in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin during the winter of 2010-11. I am very thankful for the opportunity that the DAAD provided me to go to Germany and examine many books, journals, and special collections that were not available in any American or British libraries. Their early support enabled me to develop a plan for my doctoral research. I owe my greatest debts to my doctoral supervisor, Professor Stewart Brown. I cannot thank him enough for the guidance and support that he has given to me during the past four years. I would also like to thank my secondary supervisors, Professor Paul Nimmo and Dr James Eglinton, for their thoughtful reading of my draft chapters and their helpful discussions. I am very grateful for the hospitality that I received during the seven months that I spent researching this thesis in Berlin, Tübingen, and Hamburg during 2012-13. I would like to thank those who opened their homes to me and I would like to express my appreciation to the Evangelisches Stift in Tübingen for the accommodation that they provided me. I wish to thank the following libraries that have admitted me as a visiting researcher during the past five years as well as those whose digitisation of eighteenth and nineteenth-century works has enabled me to access texts, which I otherwise could not have seen: the Andover-Harvard Theological Library, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, the British Library, the Library of Congress, the the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf, Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, the National Library of 7 Scotland, the Sächsische Landesbibliothek, the Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, Stanford University Library, the Tübingen Universitätsbibliothek, the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, the University of Michigan Library, and the University of Toronto Library. I would like to thank the University of Edinburgh for the scholarships they awarded me to undertake my research. Without this support, I could not have written this thesis. Finally, I wish to express my thanks to my family, my parents, Kenneth and Donna, and my sister, Michele, for their love and encouragement over many years. 8 Abbreviations AanKG Archiv für alte und neue Kirchengeschichte ACDS Archives du christianisme au dix-neuvième siècle ADB Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vols. 1-56, Leipzig, 1875-1912. AHR The American Historical Review AkAk Akademie Aktuell: Zeitschrift der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften AKZ Allgemeine Kirchenzeitung ALZE Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung: Ergänzungsblätter ARtLkS Allgemeines Repertorium für die theologische Litteratur und kirchliche Statistik BBKL Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexicon, vols. 1-34, Nordhausen, 1975-2013. BMS Berlinische Monatsschrift BPKG Blätter für pfälzische Kirchengeschichte und religiöse Volkskunde BWKG Blätter für württembergische Kirchengeschichte DVCS De Vereeniging: Christelijke Stemmen DVS Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift DZWL Deutsche Zeitschrift für christliche Wissenschaft und christliches Leben EC Evangelical Christendom EKZ Evangelische Kirchenzeitung EM Evangelical Magazine FBRH Fliegende Blätter aus dem Rauhen Hause zu Horn bei Hamburg FP La France Protestante: ou vies des protestants franҫais qui se sont fait un nom dans l’histoire, vols. 1-9, Paris, 1846-59. FS Frankens Stiftungen GSR German Studies Review HEFBKG Hospitium Ecclesiae: Forschungen zur bremischen Kirchengeschichte HZ Historische Zeitschrift JBBKG Jahrbuch für Berlin-Brandenburgische Kirchengeschichte JBKG Jahrbuch für Brandenburgische Kirchengeschichte JGGPÖ Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für die Geschichte des Protestantismus in Österreich JGNSKG Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für niedersächsische Kirchengeschichte JHKGV Jahrbuch der Hessischen Kirchengeschichtlichen Vereinigung JMH The Journal of Modern History JSKG Jahrbuch für Schlesische Kirchengeschichte JVWKG Jahrbuch des Vereins für Westfälische Kirchengeschichte KiO Kirche im Osten: Studien zur osteuropäischen Kirchengeschichte