Notes and References 1. PROBLEMATISING POPUlAR CULTURE Tim Harris 1. I would like to thank Peter Burke, Martin Ingram and John Rule for­ their comments and criticisms on an earlier draft of this essay. 2. Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (London: Temple Smith, 1978). The quote is on p. 270. 3. Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling, 1525-1700 (London: Academic Press, 1979), quotes on pp. 172, 177, 181. 4. Keith Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (London: Hutchinson, 1980), pp. 220-1. 5. Robert W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society 1700- 1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973). Cf. Robert D. Storch (ed.), Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth-Century England (London: Croom Helm, 1982), pp. 5,72,102,116,130-1,136; Bob Busha­ way, By Rite: Custom, Ceremony and Community in England 1700-1880 (London:Junction Books, 1982), Ch. 7. 6. Douglas A. Reid, 'The Decline of Saint Monday, 176&-1876', Past and Present, LXXI (1976), pp. 7&-101; A. P. Donajgrodzki (ed.), Social Control in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London: Croom Helm, 1977); Eileen and Stephen Yeo (eds) , Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590-1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1981); E. P. Thompson 'Time, Work Discipline and Industrial Capitalism', in his Customs in Common (London: Merlin, 1991), pp. 352-403. 7. Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson, 'Introduction', in Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (eds) , Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 3, 10. 8. Peter Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Toum 1660-1770 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 285. 9. Peter Burke, 'From Pioneers to Settlers: Recent Studies of the History of Popular Culture', Comparative Studies in Society and History, xxv (1983), pp. 181-7. 10. Important studies in this regard are: Bob Scribner, 'Is a History of Popular Culture Possible?', History ofEuropean Ideas, x (1989), pp.175-91; Steven L. Kaplan (ed.), Understanding Popular Culture: Europe from the Mid­ dle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Berlin: Mouton, 1984); Barry Reay (ed.) , Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (London: Croom Helm, 1985); Tessa Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 15xs50-1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Roger Chartier, The Cultural Uses of Print in Early Modern France, trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane (Princeton: Princ­ eton University Press, 1987); Tim Harris, 'The Problem of "Popular Political Culture" in Seventeenth-Century London', History ofEuropean Ideas, X (1989), pp. 43-58;J. M. Golby and A. W. Purdue, The Civilisation of 216 Notes and References 217 the Crowd: Popular Culture in England 1750-1900 (London: B. T. Batsford, 1985); Hugh Cunningham, Leisure in the Industrial Revolution c. 1780- c.1880 (London: Croom Helm, 1980). 11. Burke, Popular Culture, p. 49. 12. J. S. Morrill and]. Walter, 'Order and Disorder in the English Revo­ lution', in Fletcher and Stevenson (eds), Order and Disorder, pp. 139-40. 13. J. F. McGregor, 'Seekers and Ranters', inJ. F. McGregor and B. Reay (eds), Radical Religion in the English Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 121-39;]. C. Davis, Fear, Myth and History: The Ranters and the Historians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Christo­ pher Hill, 'Abolishing the Ranters', in his A Nation of Change and Novelty: Radical Politics, Religion and Literature in Seventeenth-Century England (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 152-94. 14. Watt, Cheap Print, pp. 3-5; Roger Chartier, 'Culture as Appropriation: Popular Cultural Uses in Early Modern France', in Kaplan (ed.) , Understanding Popular Culture, pp. 231-2; Scribner, 'Is a History of Popular Culture Possible?', p. 176. 15. Tim Harris, London Crowds in the &ign of Charles II: Propaganda and Politics from the Restoration until the Exclusion Crisis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), Chs 5-7; Tim Harris, Politics under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society 1660-1715 (London: Longman, 1993), Ch.4. 16. Robert S. Thomson, 'The Development of the Broadside Balled Trade and its Influence upon the Transmission of English Folksong', unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University (1974); Margaret Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and its Readership in Seventeenth-Century England (London: Methuen, 1981), p. 9; Watt, Cheap Print, Chs 1, 2; David Vincent, 'The Decline of the Oral Tradition in Popular Culture', in Storch (ed.), Popular Culture, pp. 26-7. 17. Scribner, 'Is a History of Popular Culture Possible?', p. 179; R. W. Scribner, 'Luther Myth: a Popular Historiography of the Reformer', in his Popular Culture and POpular Movements in &formation Germany (London: Hambledon Press, 1987), pp. 321-2. 18. These remarks are based on my own extensive research into judicial records, including allegations of seditious words. See Harris, London Crowds and Politics under the Later Stuarts. 19. Clive Holmes, 'Popular Culture? Witches, Magistrates, and Divines in Early Modern England', in Kaplan (ed.), Understanding Popular Culture, pp. 89,105. 20. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Richard Tuck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 248; Oxford English Dictionary; Kevin Sharpe and Steven N. Zwicker, Politics ofDiscourse: The Literature and History of Seventeenth-Century England (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 4-5. 21. A. L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (Cambridge, Mass.: Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, XLVII, no. 1, 1952). For the enumeration, see p. 149, footnote 49. 218 Notes and References 22. Ludmilla Jordanova, 'The Representation of the Fam.ily in the Eighteenth Century: A Challenge for Cultural History', in Joan H. Pittock and Andrew Wear, Interpretation and Cultural History (London: Macmillan, 1991), p. 118. Cf. Peter Burke (ed.), New Perspectives on Historical Writing (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), pp. 10-1l. 23. B. Malinowski, A Scientific Theory of Culture and Other Essays (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), p. 38; Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966), p. 69. Discussed in Margaret S. Archer, Culture and Agency: The Place of Culture in Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 2-4. 24. Robert Muchembeld, Popular Culture and Elite Culture in France. 1400-1750, trans. by Lydia Cochrane (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985). 25. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 6; Renato Rosaldo, 'Celebrat­ ing Thompson's Heroes: Social Analysis in History and Anthropology', in Harvey J. Kaye and Keith McClelland (eds) , E. P. Thompson: Critical Perspectives (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), Ch. 4; Archer, Culture and Agency. 26. Meric Casaubon, A Treatise Proving Spirits, Witches and Supernatu­ ral operations (London, 1672), p. 231; Newton E. Key, 'Politics beyond Parliament: Unity and Party in the Herefordshire Region during the Restoration Period', unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University (1989), pp. 30-I. 27. Joan H. Pittock and Andrew Wear, 'Introduction' to their Inter­ pretation and Cultural History, p. 3; Jonathan Barry, 'Provincial Town Culture, 1640-80: Urbane or Civic?', in ibid., pp. 198-234; David Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England 1603-1660 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985). 28. Kroeber and Kluckhohn, Culture, p. 157. 29. Keith Thomas, 'The Double Standard', jpurnal of the History of Ideas, xx (1959), pp. 195-216. 30. Catherine Hall, 'The Tale of Samuel and Jemima: Gender and Working-Class Culture in Nineteenth-Century England', in Kaye and McClelland (eds), Thompson: Critical Perspectives, pp. 78-102. 31. Peter Burke, 'Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century London', in Reay (ed.), Popular Culture, p. 32; Harris 'Popular Political Culture', p.45. 32. Charles Leslie, Rehearsal, I, no. 44, 26 May-2 June 1705. 33. F[rancis] A[tterbury], The Voice of the People, No Voice of God, (London, 1710), pp. 6,13. 34. David Cressy, 'Describing the Social Order of Elizabethan England', Literature and History, III (1976), pp. 29-44. 35. F. J. Furnivall (ed.), Harrison's Description of England (London: New Shakespeare Society, 6th series, no. 1, 1877), Part I, Ch. 5 (quote on p. 105); Wrightson, English Society, pp. 17,19. Cf. Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, ed. Mary Dewar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 65-77. Notes and References 219 36. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost Further Explored (London: Methuen, 1984), pp. 32-3; W. A. Speck, Stability and Strife: England, 1714-1760 (London: Edward Arnold, 1977), pp. 31-3; G. S. Holmes, 'Gregory King and the Social Structure of Pre-Industrial England', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, XXVII (1977), pp.41-68. 37. George Foster, The Sounding of the Last Trumpet (London, 1650), p. 17; Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975), p. 223. 38. George Rude, 'The London "Mob" of the Eighteenth Century', in his Paris and London in the Eighteenth Century: Studies in Popular Protest (London: Collins, 1970), p. 293; Lucy S. Sutherland, 'The City of London in Eighteenth-Century Politics', in Richard Pares and A. J. P. Taylor (eds),