EVOLVING NEWSPAPERS & THE SHAPING OF AN EXTRADITION: JAMAICA ON THE CUSP OF CHANGE BY GHISLAINE LESLYN LEWIS A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY 2014 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF CHARTS .............................................................................................................. 6 LIST OF APPENDICIES ................................................................................................... 7 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. 8 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 1: ................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE THESIS ........................................................................ 14 1.2 DEVELOPING A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................. 18 1.2.1 CIVIL SOCIETY & CIVIC AGENCY ........................................................................................... 19 1.2.2 POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NEWSPAPERS ............................................................................... 20 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 21 1.4 THESIS OUTLINE ................................................................................................... 23 1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ........................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 2: ................................................................................................................... 27 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 27 2.2 JAMAICA: CONTRADICTION & CONFLICT ..................................................... 27 2.3 JAMAICA’S FOUNDATIONS & PARTY POLITICS ........................................... 30 2.3.1 POLITICAL POLARIZATION AND CORRUPTION ..................................................................... 32 2.4 JAMAICA OVERSHADOWED BY CRIMINALITY ............................................ 33 2.4.1 KINGSTON METROPOLITAN AREA & GARRISON POLITICS ................................................ 35 2.4.2 AREA LEADERS AND DONMANSHIP ...................................................................................... 37 2.4.3 TIVOLI AND THE JLP ............................................................................................................... 39 2.4.4 WHO IS MICHAEL CHRISTOPHER ‘DUDUS’ COKE? ............................................................. 40 2.5 NEIGHBOURLY RELATIONS: JAMAICA VS. U.S.A ......................................... 40 2.5.1 THE JAMAICAN DIASPORA ...................................................................................................... 42 2.6 THE COKE EXTRADITION PROCESS ................................................................ 45 2.6.1 STATE OF EMERGENCY ........................................................................................................... 47 2.7 JAMAICAN MEDIA SYSTEMS .............................................................................. 50 2.7.1 JAMAICAN DAILY NEWS ......................................................................................................... 53 2.7.2 THE JAMAICA GLEANER .......................................................................................................... 53 2.7.3 THE JAMAICA OBSERVER ........................................................................................................ 55 2.7.4 JAMAICAN NEWSPAPERS AND POLITICAL ALLEGIANCES ................................................... 55 2.7.5 JAMAICAN NEWSPAPER IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL AGE ...................................................... 56 2.7.6 NEWSPAPERS VS. JAMAICAN POLITICS ................................................................................. 57 1 2.8 JAMAICAN CIVIL SOCIETY .................................................................................. 61 2.8.1 CIVIC AGENCY & THE SOCIAL POWER OF THE POOR ......................................................... 70 2.8.2 HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY .................................................................................... 71 2.9 NEWSPAPERS AND CIVIL SOCIETY ................................................................. 72 2.10 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 73 CHAPTER 3: ................................................................................................................... 75 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 75 3.2 THE MEDIA’S SYMBOLIC POWER .................................................................... 77 3.2.1 NORMATIVE THEORIES .......................................................................................................... 79 3.3 NEWS AND DEMOCRACY .................................................................................... 85 3.3.1 NEWS, POLITICS AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION .......................................................... 88 3.4 DEFINING PUBLIC SPHERE ................................................................................ 89 3.5 ONLINE NEWS ........................................................................................................ 90 3.5.1 THE DIGITAL DIVIDE .............................................................................................................. 93 3.6 COLLABORATIONS BETWEEN POLITICS & NEWS ...................................... 95 3.7 POLITICAL ECONOMY OF COMMUNICATION ............................................. 100 3.7.1 POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ONLINE NEWS ............................................................................. 100 3.8 POLITICAL ECONOMY OF JAMAICA & ITS NEWSPAPERS ....................... 102 3.9 DEFINING CIVIC AGENCY .................................................................................. 106 3.10 SUMMARY: .......................................................................................................... 109 CHAPTER 4: ................................................................................................................. 111 4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 111 4.2 METHODOLOGICAL AIMS ................................................................................. 113 4.2.1 INTREPRETIVISM & CONSTRUCTIVISM ............................................................................... 116 4.3 RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................. 117 4.3.1 THE CASE STUDY METHOD ........................................................................................ 119 4.4 CONTENT ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 121 4.4.1 NEWSPAPER SAMPLING ....................................................................................................... 123 4.4.2 CONTENT ANALYSIS PILOTS ................................................................................................ 124 4.4.3 RELIABILITY & VALIDITY ..................................................................................................... 127 4.4.4 CODING CATEGORIES & ANALYTICAL MEASURES ............................................................ 128 4.4.5 FULL QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 130 4.5 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 131 4.5.1 INTERVIEW SAMPLING STRATEGIES ................................................................................... 130 4.5.2 IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ....................................................................................................... 131 4.5.3 INTERVIEW PARTICIPANTS .................................................................................................. 132 4.5.4INTERVIEW DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 135 4.6 LIMITATIONS ....................................................................................................... 136 4.7 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 139 CHAPTER 5: ................................................................................................................. 140 2 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 140 5. 2 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF COKE COVERAGE ..................................... 142 5.3 CAPTURING THE EXTRADITION THROUGH PHOTOGRAPHY .............. 146 5.3.1 PHOTOGRAPHY & THE TIVOLI INCURSION ........................................................................ 148 5.4 ATTRIBUTION vs. RETRIBUTION .................................................................