The sacrament of Confirmation in Roman Catholic tradition: a history of interpretations and a proposal for integration Richard J. Bernier, Faculty of Religious Studies McGill University, Montréal October 2014 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Richard J. Bernier, 2014 DEDICATION To Lucia De Roth, who passed from this life to beatitude on October 3rd, 2012, and to her parents Egon and Liz. Lucia’s earthly life was a pugna of just a few short hours. We who love her cannot help but wish that she had been spared to walk with us and fight alongside us awhile longer. Ora pro nobis, little Saint. ii GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ii General Table of Contents iii Detailed Table of Contents iv Abstract x Résumé xi Acknowledgements xii Note on Translations xv Abbreviations xvi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Use of Patristic Testimony from the First Five Centuries in Recent Interpretations of Confirmation 9 Chapter 2: The Development of a Roman Catholic Theology of Confirmation in the Mediaeval Period 81 Chapter 3: Catholic Theologies of Confirmation Since the Council of Trent 163 Chapter 4: Integrating Models of the Purpose and Effects of the Sacrament of Confirmation 247 Conclusion 285 Appendix I: Principal Biblical Texts 288 Appendix II: Some Patristic-Era Texts in Translation 291 Works Cited 300 iii DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………1 NOTE ON VOCABULARY……………………………………………………………………7 CHAPTER 1: THE USE OF PATRISTIC TESTIMONY FROM THE FIRST FIVE CENTURIES IN RECENT INTERPRETATIONS OF CONFIRMATION…………..……..…………9 DESCRIPTIONS OF INITIATION WITHOUT REFERENCE TO A PERIBAPTISMAL RITE.….....11 REFERENCES TO A PRE-BAPTISMAL RITE, BUT NOT TO A POST-BAPTISMAL RITE………18 Didascalia Apostolorum (mid-third century)…………………………………………20 Acts of Thomas…………………………………………………...…………………22 Ephrem (c. 306 - 373) ……………..………….…………………………………..23 Aphraates [Aphrahat] (first half of the fourth century) …………………………..24 Apostolic Constitutions (c. 375) …………...………………………………………….24 John Chrysostom (c. 349 - 407) …………….……………………………………25 Theodore of Mopsuestia (c. 350 - 428) …………..………………………………28 Theodoret of Cyrus (c. 393 - before 466) ………………..………………………30 Narsai (fl. 457-503) ………………………………………………………………31 R EFERENCES TO A POST-BAPTISMAL RITE………………………………………………35 Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 225) ……………….………………………………………35 Apostolic Tradition (c. 215 – c. 350?) ………………………………………………39 Origen (c. 185 – c. 254) ………………….………………………………………52 Cyprian (c. 200 – 258) …………………………...………………………………54 Hilary (c. 315 - c. 367) ……………………………...……………………………56 Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 317 - 386) …………………………………………………57 Council of Elvira (c. 305), Pacian, and Optatus………….………………………58 The Cappadocians (mid- to late-fourth century) ……...…………………………60 Ambrose (c. 339 - 397) ………………………………...…………………………63 Augustine (354 – 430) ……………………………………………………………65 Jerome (c. 340 – 420) …………………………….………………………………67 Pope Innocent I (fl. c. 416) …………………….…………………………………69 iv Council of Orange (441) …………………………………………………………71 Maximus of Turin (late fourth - early fifth century) ……..………………………73 Leo the Great (d. 461) ……………………………………………………………73 Faustus of Riez (c. 400 – c. 490) ….………………………………………………74 Denys [Pseudo-Dionysius](early 6th century) ………….…………………………76 John the Deacon (c. 500) …….………………………...…………………………78 CONCLUSION TO CHAPTER 1……………………………………………………………79 CHAPTER 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A ROMAN CATHOLIC THEOLOGY OF CONFIRMATION IN THE MEDIAEVAL PERIOD……………………………...……81 NOTE ON THE TEXTS EXAMINED IN THIS CHAPTER……………………...………………86 AUTHORS…………………………………………………………………………………88 Isidore of Seville (570 – 636) ……………………..………………………………88 Hugh of Rouen (d. 730) ………………….………………………………………89 Alcuin (730 – 804) ………………………………………………………………..91 Leidrad of Lyons (d. 817) ……………….……………………………………….92 Amalarius of Metz (c. 780 – 850) ………...………………………………………93 Rabanus Maurus (780 – 856) ……………………………………………………94 Bernold of Constance (c. 1054 – 1100) ……………..……………………………96 Ivo of Chartres (d. 1115) …………………………………………………………98 Anselm of Laon (c. 1050 – 1117) ……..…………………...……………………100 Bruno of Segni (1047 – 1123) …………..………………………………………100 Otto of Bamberg (1060/1 – 1139) ………..………….…………………………101 Honorius of Autun (d. c. 1157) ………………………………………………....102 Robert Pullen (c. 1080 – 1146) …………………….………...…………………104 Hugh of St. Victor (1096? – 1141) ……………………………...………………105 School of Magister Simon (c. 1145 – 1160) ……………………..…………………..106 School of Gilbert of Porrée……………………………………...……………………107 Peter Lombard (c. 1100 – 1160) …………………………..……………………108 Texts from the school of Abelard………………………….………………………….109 Peter Comestor (d. 1178) ………………………….……………………………109 v Decretum Gratiani (mid-12th century) …………….………………………………110 Roland Bandinelli [Pope Alexander III] (1105 – 1181) ………..………………111 Gandulph of Bologna (fl. c. 1185) ………………………….…………………...112 Alan of Lille (1128 – 1203) ………………………………..……………………112 Pope Innocent III (1160 – 1204) ……………………….………………………113 Odo of Soliaco (d. 1208) ……………………………….………………………113 Praepositinus of Cremona (c. 1150 – 1210)……..………………………………114 Peter of Poitiers (d. c. 1215?) ………..…...……………..……………………….116 John Pagus (early 13th century) ………………………..……………………….116 Sicardus of Cremona (1155 – 1215) …………………..………………………..117 William of Auxerre (d. 1231) …………………………..……………………….118 Guy d’Orchelles (d. c. 1230) ………...………………….……………………….120 Stephan Berout (fl. c. 1230) …………...……………..………………………….121 Alexander of Hales (c. 1185 – 1245) …………………..………………………..122 Troyes, Bibliothèque municipale 1862 (after 1238) ………….………………………125 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, latin 3032 (c. 1240-1245) …………………………….125 John Moussy (d. c. 1245) ……..…….……………………..…………………….125 Guerric of Saint Quentin (d. 1245) ………………………..……………………126 Richard Fishacre (d. 1248) ………………………………...……………………127 William of Auvergne (c. 1180 – 1249) ……….………….………………………128 Herbert of Auxerre (d. 1252) …………………………...………………………129 William of Middleton (d. 1257) ………………………...………………………131 Roland of Cremona (1178 – 1259) …………………..…………………………132 Hugh of St Cher (d. 1263) …………………………..………………………….133 Albert the Great (c. 1200 – 1280) ……….………...…………………………….134 Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) ………………..……………………………….136 Bonaventure (c. 1217 – 1274) …………………...………………...……………142 Richard of Middleton (c. 1249 – 1300) …….….………………………………..143 Walter of Bruges (c. 1225 – 1307) ……………..………………………………..144 Gilbert of Tournai (d. 1284) …………………..………………………………..146 John Duns Scotus (c. 1265 – 1308) ……………….…………………………….146 vi Durand of St. Pourçain (c. 1275 – 1344) ……….………………………………147 Council of Constance (1415) ………………..….……………………………….149 Denys the Carthusian (c. 1402 – 1471) …………..……………………………..150 Council of Florence (1439) ……………..……………………………………….150 Council of Trent (1545 – 1563) ………..……………………………………….151 CONCLUSION TO CHAPTER 2…………………………………………………………...154 CHAPTER 3 CATHOLIC THEOLOGIES OF CONFIRMATION SINCE THE COUNCIL OF TRENT…………………..………………………………………………………………….163 OVERVIEW…………………..…………………………………………………………..163 AUTHORS………………..………………………………………………………………165 Konrad Klinge (1483 – 1556)………………………..………………………….165 Catechism of the Council of Trent (1566)……………….……………………………166 Robert Bellarmine (1542 – 1621)……………………………….………………167 Alphonsus Liguori (1696 – 1787)………………..………………………………168 Matthias Scheeben (1835 – 1888)………….……………………………………169 Johann Umberg (1875 – 1959)……………………………………….…………171 Matthias Laros (1882 – 1965)…………...………………………………………172 Gregory Dix (1901 – 1952)……………..……………………………………….174 G.W.H. Lampe (1912 – 1980)……………..……………………………………175 Louis Bouyer (1913 – 2004) …………………………………………………….176 A.-G. Martimort (1911 – 2000)…………………………………………………178 L.S. Thornton (1884 – 1960)………………...………………………………….180 Paul Anciaux (1921 – 1979)…………………….……………………………….181 Pierre-Thomas Camelot (1901 – 1993)…………………………………………182 Bernard Leeming (1893 – 1971)……………………...…………………………184 Francisco de Paula Solá (1907 – 1993)……………….…………………………185 Louis H. Pabst (1926 – 1995)………………………...………………………….186 Boniface Luykx (1915 – 2004) …………………….……………………………187 Max Thurian (1921 – 1996)…………………………………………………….189 Edward Schillebeeckx (1914 – 2009)……………………………………………191 vii Georges Delcuve (1908 – 1976)……………...………………………………….193 Adolf Adam (1912 – 2005)…………………...………………………………….194 Marian Bohen (1930 – )………………….…………………………………….196 Ralph J. Bastian (1927 – )……………………………………………………….197 Charles Davis (1923 – 1999)…………………………………………………….198 Burkhard Neunheuser (1904 – 2004)………...…………………………………201 Herbert McCabe (1926 – 2001)……………...…………………………………202 Jean-Paul Bouhot……………………………………………………………….204 Pope Paul VI (served 1963 – 1978)/Vatican II…………………………………206 Adalbert Hamman (1910 – 2000)………………….……………………………208 Piet Fransen (1913 – 1983)……………………..……………………………….208 Austin Milner (1935 – 2010)…………………………………………………….210 Louis Ligier (1911 – 1989)………………………...…………………………….211 Karl Rahner (1904 – 1984)………………..…………………………………….213 Louis-Marie Chauvet (1942 – )……………..………………………………….215 Gérard-Henry Baudry (1935 – )……………..…………………………………217 Yves Congar (1904 – 1995)……………………..………………………………218 William J. Bausch (1929 – )……………………………………………………..219 Alexandre Ganoczy (1928 – )………………..…………………………………220 Thomas Marsh……………………………...…………………………………..220 Frank C. Quinn (1932 – 2008)………………………………………………….222 Gerard Austin…………………………….……………………………………..223 Karl J. Becker (1928 – ) ………………..………………………………………224 Michael Lawler ………………………...……………………………………….225 Kenan Osborne (1930 – ) ………………..……………………………………..226 Aidan Kavanagh (1929 – 2006).…………..…………………………………….227 Catechism of the Catholic Church (1997)……………..………………………………229 Colman O’Neill (d. 1987)……………………….………………………………230 Paul McPartlan………………………………..………………………………...231