ECE 3410: Introduction The History of Electronics Chris Winstead Utah State University Spring 2016 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 What is \Electronics"? Linear Electrical Circuits: Comprised of R, L, C and ideal amplifiers Modeled by linear equations (matrices, ODEs, transforms) Electronic Circuits and Systems: Comprised of diodes, transistors and otherp complex devices. Modeled by non-linear equations (ex , x 2, x). Typical signal behaviors: rectification, amplification, modulation Analyzed through linearization, iterative calculations and simulators. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 2 / 97 Driving Applications Electronics developed to serve these key applications: Telegraph and telephone (wireline communication) Radio, television, satellite (wireless communication) Power conversion and distribution (rectification and switching) Computation (switching and amplification) Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 3 / 97 Driving Applications Electronics developed to serve these key applications: Telegraph and telephone (wireline communication) Radio, television, satellite (wireless communication) Power conversion and distribution (rectification and switching) Computation (switching and amplification) Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 3 / 97 Driving Applications Electronics developed to serve these key applications: Telegraph and telephone (wireline communication) Radio, television, satellite (wireless communication) Power conversion and distribution (rectification and switching) Computation (switching and amplification) Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 3 / 97 Driving Applications Electronics developed to serve these key applications: Telegraph and telephone (wireline communication) Radio, television, satellite (wireless communication) Power conversion and distribution (rectification and switching) Computation (switching and amplification) Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 3 / 97 Driving Applications Electronics developed to serve these key applications: Telegraph and telephone (wireline communication) Radio, television, satellite (wireless communication) Power conversion and distribution (rectification and switching) Computation (switching and amplification) Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 3 / 97 1750{1890: The Telegraph Era The first telecommunication systems Relays and amplification Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 4 / 97 The First Electrical Telegraph 1753: the first \electrostatic telegraph" described by \C. M." (Scotland; full name unknown): Used a bundle of wires, one for each letter or symbol. Worked by transferring charge from a big capacitor. The charge attracted an object at the remote end. + + + + + + + + − − − A Ground See Early Wired Telegraphy for more information. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 5 / 97 The First Electrical Telegraph 1753: the first \electrostatic telegraph" described by \C. M." (Scotland; full name unknown): Used a bundle of wires, one for each letter or symbol. Worked by transferring charge from a big capacitor. The charge attracted an object at the remote end. + + + + + + + + − − − A Ground See Early Wired Telegraphy for more information. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 5 / 97 The First Electrical Telegraph 1753: the first \electrostatic telegraph" described by \C. M." (Scotland; full name unknown): Used a bundle of wires, one for each letter or symbol. Worked by transferring charge from a big capacitor. The charge attracted an object at the remote end. + + + + + + + + − − − A Ground See Early Wired Telegraphy for more information. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 5 / 97 The First Electrical Telegraph 1753: the first \electrostatic telegraph" described by \C. M." (Scotland; full name unknown): Used a bundle of wires, one for each letter or symbol. Worked by transferring charge from a big capacitor. The charge attracted an object at the remote end. + + + + + + + + − − − A Ground See Early Wired Telegraphy for more information. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 5 / 97 Lesage's Telegraph (Geneva, 1774) From Semaphore to Satellite, Published by the International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1965 Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 6 / 97 The Electrical Relay: 1835 Telegraph signals were weak, limited to 200 ft. 1835: Joseph Henry (USA) invents the electrical relay. Capable of amplifying a weak signal; first digital switch! Weak current in Strong current out + − Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 7 / 97 Henry's Electromagnets Prototypes usually aren't pretty. Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 8 / 97 Operation of a Relay Switch Relays amplify, but their switching threshold is not sensitive enough for faint signals. They also bounce when switching, which limits their usable speed. 10 8 6 4 threshold Input 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 time 10 5 Output 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 time Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 9 / 97 Development of Telegraph Systems 1753 \C.M." Pavel Schilling (Russia) 1774 Lesage Schilling 1832 First electromagnetic telegraph Weber Invented binary signalling & Gauss Wheatstone Morse Last telegraph 2006 Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 10 / 97 Development of Telegraph Systems 1753 \C.M." Charles Wheatstone (England) 1774 Lesage Schilling Practical telegraph for railways Submarine cable experiments 1837 Weber & Gauss Wheatstone Morse Last telegraph 2006 Photo credit: Geof Sheppard Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 11 / 97 Development of Telegraph Systems 1753 \C.M." Samuel Morse (US) Lesage Efficient single-wire telegraph Schilling Use of relays for long distance Morse code 1844 Weber & Gauss Wheatstone Morse Last telegraph 2006 Chris Winstead (USU) History of Electronics Spring 2016 12 / 97 Development of Telegraph Systems 1837 Wheatstone Tawell Murder (England) 1845 Morse Tawell First arrest via telecommunication Fled by train, intercepted by telegraph 1858 Lord Spurred wide investment