4/17/14 Objecves ● Recognize main divisions of plant and fungal Introduc;on to taxonomic groups. ● Iden&fy various examples of herbals and Herbal Medicine associated organic compounds. ● Discuss main issues concerning herbal medicine Jason Schoneman MA, RN use in United States. The University of Texas at Aus;n ● Examine current research surrounding medicinal http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/health Cannabis. Objecves ● Discuss history and role of psychedelic herbs in medicine and illness. ● List herbs used as legal and illicit drugs of Plantae abuse. ● Associate main plant and fungal families with representave poisonous compounds. ● Discuss clinical management of main toxic http://scienceblogs.com/evolgen/2007/07/06/phylogeny- compounds. friday-06-july-2007/ Algae Bryophytes Brown algae Green algae Moss http://ucommphoto.nmsu.edu http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae www.botany.ubc.ca/bryophyte 1 4/17/14 Pteridophytes Ferns Gymnosperms Conifers Cycads Microcycas calocoma Cunninghamia sp. Taxodium distichum Ginkgo Gnetophyta Ginkgo biloba Ephedra sinica http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra 2 4/17/14 Angiosperms Palms Monocots Copernicia baileyana Sedges Bananas Cladium sp. Musa sp. Bromeliads Aroids Bromeliaceae Amorphophallus :tanum http://abrimaal.pro-e.pl/araceum/amorphophallus/titanum.htm 3 4/17/14 Angiosperms Oaks Dicots Quercus sp. Cac& Hibiscus Hylocereus sp. Hibiscus coccineus Pitcher plant Fungi Nepenthes sp. http://sharonapbio-taxonomy.wikispaces.com/Fungi 4 4/17/14 Main Groups of Fungi ● Zygomycetes (Bread molds) Ascomycetes ● Ascomycetes (Sac fungi) ● Basidiomycetes (Club fungi, “mushrooms”) Sac fungi Aspergillus sp. Ergot fungi Claviceps purpurea http://wpr.staff.ipb.ac.id/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea Morel Basidiomycetes Morchella sp. Club fungi http://foragesouth.wordpress.com/tag/morel-mushrooms/ 5 4/17/14 Fly agaric Panaeolus sp. Amanita muscaria http://theergot.wordpress.com/2013/08/03/lets-get-excited-about- Schultes et al., 1992 shrooms/ Carbohydrates ● Cellulose (fiber) Main Organic Herbal ● Mycopolysaccharides: ○ Beta-glucans are the medicinal compounds in Compounds fungi and affect every area of the body. Shitake Lennula edodes China http://www.silversageherbs.com/zencart/index.php? main_page=product_info&products_id=334 6 4/17/14 Lipids Lipids ● Fay acids (carbon chains with single carboxyl ● Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 polyunsaturated radical): ○ Palm fay acids): ○ Olive ○ Flaxseed (Linum usita:ssimum) ● Gamma-linolenic acid (omega-6 polyunsaturated ● Hydrocarbon sulfides: fay acids): ○ Garlic (Allium sa:vum) ○ Evening primrose (Oenethera binennis) ■ produces allicin with many medicinal values ○ Hemp (Cannabis sp.) ■ odiferous ○ Borage (Borago officinalis) Omega-6 Olive Olea europaea http://www.visionsmartcenter.com/information/16/GLA-Gamma%20Linolenic%20Acid Evening Flaxseed primrose Linum usita:ssimum Oenethera binennis http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/agnic/flax/wales%203.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenothera 7 4/17/14 Terpenes ● Aromac hydrocarbons: ○ backbone isoprene units (C5H8) Garlic ● Most numerous secondary plant compounds Allium sa:vum ● Monoterpenes-essen&al oils: ○ Lamiaceae (Mentha) ○ Pinaceae (Pinus) ○ Rutaceae (Citrus) http://tinyfarmblog.com/garlic-for-sale/ Terpenes ● Sesquiterpene lactones: ○ Artemesia annua ● Diterpenes: ○ Salvinorin A (Salvia divinorum) ○ Ginkgolide A (Ginkgo biloba) http://science.uvu.edu/ochem/index.php/alphabetical/s-t/terpenes/ Saponins ● Soap-like compounds (amphipathic glycosides) Artemesia ● Steroid saponins: Artemesia annua ○ Diosgenin (Dioscorea) ■ precursor for progesterone formaon ○ Ginsenoside Re (Panax ginseng) http://www.mswn.com/plants/database/plant/artemisia-frigida/ 8 4/17/14 Saponins ● Cardiac glycosides: ○ Oleander (Nerium) ○ Foxglove (Digitalis sp.) ● Tetraterpeniods: ○ carotenes ○ xanthophylls ○ renoids https://www.standardprocess.com/Products/MediHerb/Wild-Yam-12 ○ colors=an&oxidants Wild Yam Dioscorea sp. Foxglove Digitalis purpurea http://www.cnseed.org/purple-foxglove-digitalis-purpurea.html https://www.standardprocess.com/Products/MediHerb/Wild-Yam-12 Polyphenols Polyphenols ● Quinones: ● Made up of mul&ple phenol types ○ Sennoside A (Senna alexandrina) ○ (C6H5OH)-aromac benzene ring ○ Hypericin ● Simple phenols and phenolic acids: ■ (“St. John’s Wort”Hypericum perforatum) ○ Salicin (Salix sp.) ● Slbenoids: ○ Delta-9-tetracannabinol (Cannabis sp.) ○ Resveratrol (Vis vinifera) ○ Vanillin (Vanilla planifolia) ● Flavonoids: ○ anthocyanins=colors=an&oxidants 9 4/17/14 Willow Salix sp. http://www.mdidea.net/products/herbextract/salicin/data02.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_alba Senna Vanilla Senna alexandrina Vanilla planifolia http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/senna-42.html ● Piperidine: Alkaloids Alkaloids ● Purine: ○ Tobacco (Nico:ana sp.) ○ Methylxanthines ● B-carboline: ■ Caffeine: Coffea, Ilex paraguariensis, Cola ○ Harmaline (Passiflora sp.) acuminata ○ Mescaline (Lophophora, Echinopsis) ■ Caffeine, theobromine: Theobroma cacao ○ Muscimol (Amanita muscaria) ■ Caffeine, theophylline: Camellia sinensis ○ Psilocybin (“magic mushrooms”) ● Isoquinoline: ○ Vinblas&ne and Vincris&ne (Catharanthus ○ Morphine, codeine (Papaver somniferum) roseus–Madagascar periwinkle) 10 4/17/14 Alkaloids Alkaloids ● Indole: ● Tropane (an&cholinergics): ○ Ergot (Claviceps sp.) ○ Atropine,Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine (Atropa ○ d-cathine (Catha edulis) belladonna, Datura, Brugmansia, Mandragora ○ l-ephedrine, d-pseudoephedrine (Ephedra sp.) officinarum) ● Quinoline: ○ Tubocurare (Chondrodendron tomentosum) ○ Quinine (Cinchona officinalis) ○ Coca & Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca) ● Taxol (Taxus sp.) http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0703.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system Tobacco Nico:ana tabacum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system 11 4/17/14 Fly agaric Amanita muscaria http://en.wikipedia.org/nervous_system Madagascar Curare periwinkle Chondrodendron Catharanthus roseus tomentosum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Starr_070906-8657_Catharanthus_roseus.jpg http://www.cindysantiqueart.com/print-Chondrodendron Tea Coffee Camellia sinensis Coffea arabica Cocoa Theobroma cacao 12 4/17/14 Jimson Weed Angels Trumpet Datura sp. Brugmansia sp. Opium poppy Papaver somniferum http://www.aaronhuey.com/#/editorial-archive/afghanistan-drug-war/ Opium_032 Mandrake Coca Mandragora Erythroxylum coca officinarum http://ignorf.net/what_is_a_mandrake.htm Quinine Taxol Cinchona officinalis Taxus sp. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Illustration_Taxus_baccata0.jpg 13 4/17/14 Holis&c Medicine Herbal Medicine http://www.myballard.com/wp-content/uploads/health-fair.jpg “Herb” Herbal History ● Plant, fungus, animal, or mineral ● Medicinal plant use predates recorded history ● Graves of Neanderthal: 60k y/o ● From gentle tonics to deadly toxins ● Oral transmission of knowledge Herbal History Herbal History ● Sumerian drawings: 2500 B.P. ● Golden Age of Greece: 400 B.P. to 90 A.P. ● Tablets from Babylon empire: ~1700 B.P. ○ Aristotle (men&ons henbane, licorice, and mint) ○ Theophrastus (first descrip&on opium effects) ● Egyp&ans: temple walls and Ebers Papyrus record ○ Hippocrates Dioscorides (De Materia Medica) over 700 medicinal formulas ○ Nicander (book of poisons) 14 4/17/14 Herbal History ● Middle ages: Monks compiled and copied Greek texts and local knowledge into herbals Persian Walnut ● Badianus manuscript ● Renaissance: Paracelsus rejected previous Juglans regia knowledge and invented his “doctrine of signatures” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whole_Walnut_Kernel.jpg “For the shaman or indigenous insider, a par&cular plant’s Herbal History chemistry, phenology, community associates, habitat, uses, cultural value, mythic associaons, growth curve, physical • Majority of discoveries from knowledge of rural- proper&es and usual management come to mind in a living and indigenous peoples constellaon of associated knowledge whenever the plant or its name is encountered in walking, thought, or conversaon.” • 19th century to present: Janis Alcorn p. 25. o creaon of drugs via extrac&on Ethnobotany: o semi-synthesis of herbal compounds and Evoluon of a analogs Discipline http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/news-kayapo-people-get-helping-hand Types of Herbalism Types of Herbalism ● Indigenous ● European ○ Most diverse ○ Roots from ancient Egyp&an ○ Orally transmiYed via shamanic knowledge ○ Fer&le Crescent ● Chinese (Wu-Sing) ○ Mediterranean civilizaons ● Indian: Ayurveda (Hindu), Unani (Islamic) ● Neo-Western ● Japanese (kampo) ○ Fuses Indigenous, European and Asian herbalism 15 4/17/14 http://djcadchina.wordpress.com/2012/02/page/16/ http://www.flickriver.com/photos/tags/unani/interesting/ http://nabatawy.blog.com/2010/04/09/egyptian-plants/ From Forest to Market ● Ethnobotany ○ Threatened cultures ○ Threatened species ■ Currently 5000X greater than natural rate ■ Climate change, pollu&on, invasive species, habitat loss ■ Data: taxonomic, plant part, site, habitat, http://www.waltshealthfoods.com/products.html method of preparaon, etc. 16 4/17/14 Screening Programs ● Pharmacognosy ○ Study of physical, chemical, biochemical and biological proper&es of drugs and search for drugs from natural substances ○ Screening programs ○ Separaon, iden&ficaon and ac&vity: ■ Chromatography, Spectroscopy ■ Bioassays http://faculty.sdmiramar.edu/fgarces/LabMatters/Instruments/Chromatography/ Chromatography.htm Herbals in United States FDA Standards ● ~40% of Americans