Notes Introduction 1. 'Elizabeth R·. BBC (1992). 2. D. Cannadine. 'The Context. Perfonnance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the "Invention of Tradition". c. 1820-1977'. in The Inven­ tion of Tradition. E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds) (Cambridge. 1983) 101-64. Also see his 'Introduction: divine rights of kings'. in Rituals of Royalty. Cannadine and S. Price (eds) (Cambridge. 1987) 1-19. 3. 'Tradition. Continuity. Stability. Soap Opera'. The Economist. 22 Oct. 1994. 32. 4. E. Hobsbawm. 'Mass Producing Traditions: Europe. 1870-1914'. Invention of Tradition. 263-307. 5. Ibid .• 282. 6. 'The Not So Ancient Traditions of Monarchy'. New Society. 2 Jun. 1977. 438. This was a preliminary version of the essay that appeared in the Hobsbawm collection. 7. 'British Monarchy and the "Invention of Tradition"'. Invention of Tradition. 122. 8. Ibid .• 124. 9. Cannadine quoting Lady Longford. ibid .• 141. 10. Ibid .• 161. 11. D. Cannadine. The Pleasures of the Past (London. 1989) 30. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid .• 259. 14. L. Colley. Britons, Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven and Lon­ don. 1992) ch. 5; idem. 'The Apotheosis of George ill: Loyalty. Royalty and the British Nation 1760-1820'. Past and Present. no. 102 (Feb. 1984) 94-129. See also M. A. Morris. 'Monarchy as an Issue in English Political Argument during the French Revolutionary Era'. PhD thesis. University of London. 1988. esp. ch. 7. 'Royalist Ritual and the Support of the State'. 15. L. Colley. 'Whose Nation? Class and National Consciousness in Britain 1750-1830'. Past and Present. no. 113 (November 1986) 117. 16. Colley. Britons. 230. 17. J. C. D. Clark also casts doubt on the notion of invented tradition in English Society, 1688-1832 (Cambridge. 1985); the cover illustration is taken from the thanksgiving for the recovery of George III at St Paul's in 1789. 18. P. R. Williams. 'Public Discussion of the British Monarchy. 1837-1887', PhD thesis, Cambridge University, 1988, 255, 192-3. 19. D. Cannadine. 'The Last Hanoverian Sovereign?: The Victorian Monarchy in Historical Perspective, 1688-1988', in The First Modem Society: Essays in English History in Honour of Lawrence Stone, A. L. Beier, Cannadine and 1. M. Rosenheim (eds) (Cambridge. 1989) 127-65. For another per­ spective on how late Victorian ceremonies were continuous with earlier traditions see W. L. Arnstein, 'Queen Victoria Opens Parliament: The 144 Notes 145 Disinvention of Tradition', Historical Research, 63, 151 (Jun. 1990) 178- 94. 20. C. Geertz, Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali (Princeton, 1980) 122. 21. D. Sinclair, Two Georges: The Making of the Modem Monarchy (London, 1988) 4. 22. T. Nairn, The Enchanted Glass: Britain and its Monarchy (London, 1988) 282-3. 23. C. Hitchens, The Monarchy (London, 1990) 42; E. Wilson, The Myth of British Monarchy (London, 1989) is in the same vein. 24. F. Hardie, The Political Influence of Queen Victoria, 1861-1901 (London, 1935); idem, The Political Influence of the British Monarchy, 1868-1952 (London, 1952). 25. See his Prothero Lecture, 'The Survival of the British Monarchy', Trans­ actions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., no. 36 (1986) 143-64; his Stenton Lecture, The Modem British Monarchy: A Study in Adaptation (Reading, 1987); idem, and R. Griffiths, The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy (Oxford, 1988) vii. 26. For example, Sir S. Lee, King Edward VII: A Biography (New York, 1925- 7); E. Longford, Victoria, R. I. (London, 1964); idem, Elizabeth R.: A Bio­ graphy [of Elizabeth II] (London, 1983); H. Nicolson, King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign (London, 1952). 27. H. Fast, The Selected Works of Tom Paine and Citizen Tom Paine (New York, 1946) 122-3, 166. 28. L. Colley, 'Introduction', Crown Pictorial, Art and the British Monarchy (New Haven, 1990) 4. 29. Cannadine, Pleasures of the Past, 268. 30. Arnstein, 'Queen Victoria Opens Parliament', Historical Research, 178-94. 31. J. Grigg, Lloyd George: The People's Champion (London, 1978) 303. A. G. Edwards, archbishop of Wales, Memories (London, 1927) 242, 260. 32. I. V. Hull, 'Prussian Dynastic Ritual and the End of the Monarchy', in German Nationalism and the European Response, 1890-1945, Hull, C. Fink and M. Knox (eds) (Norman, 1985) l3-41. Also relevant are Hull's The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm 11,1888-1918 (Cambridge, 1982); and several of the contributions to Kaiser Wilhelm II, New Interpretations: The Corfu Papers, J. C. G. Rohl and N. Sombart (eds) (Cambridge, 1982). For Austria, see J. Shedell, 'Emperor, Church, and People: Religion and Dynastic Loy­ alty during the Golden Jubilee of Franz Joseph', Catholic Historical Review, 76, 1 (Jan. 1990) 71-92. On Russian royal ceremonial, R. Wortman takes a more sophisticated view, arguing that royal ritual was mainly for elite consumption, in Scenarios of Power, Myth and Ceremony in Russian Mon­ archy (Princeton, 1995). 33. Cannadine, 'The British Monarchy and the "Invention of Tradition"', 111. 34. Ibid., 129. 35. H. C. G. Matthew, 'Introduction', The Gladstone Diaries, idem (ed.) 10 vols (Oxford, 1968-94) [hereafter GD] X clxii. 36. Even Disraeli's biographer, Lord Blake, in his centenary Romanes Lecture, Gladstone, Disraeli and Queen Victoria (Oxford, 1993) comes very near to endorsing this position. 146 Notes 37. The anthropologist. lIse Hayden, arrived at a similar view of how the mon­ archy appears able to combine seemingly opposite political philosophies in her study of the later twentieth-century ritual: Symbol and Privilege: The Ritual Context of British Royalty (Tucson, 1987). 38. B. S. Cohn, 'History and Anthropology: The State of Play', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22 (Apr. 1980) 198-221. 39. E. Shils and M. Young, 'The Meaning of the Coronation'. The Sociological Review, n.s., 1 (1953) 80. 1 Walter Bagehot: Male Efficiency and Female Dignity 1. A. V. Dicey, Lectures Introductory to the Study of the Law of the Consti­ tution, 2nd edn (London, 1886) 7. Dicey's tributes to The English Consti­ tution are reprinted in Walter Bagehot, The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot, N. St John-Stevas (ed.) 15 vols (London, 1965-86) [hereafter Works) XV 78-81. 2. R. H. Hutton, 'Walter Bagehot', Dictionary ofNational Biography, 1967 edn, 1865. S. Collini, 'A Place in the Syllabus: Political Science at Cambridge', in S. Collini, D. Winch and 1. Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics (Cambridge, 1983) 351-52. 3. A March 1872 article on the civil list from The Economist, over which Bagehot had direct editorial control, appeared in 'Notes on the Civil List, 1897', Welby Papers, PRO, T25012, part I, fol. 549, p. 100, prepared at the Treasury during Lord Salisbury's second administration; The English Con­ stitution is quoted from as among 'the chief constitutional authorities' in a cabinet memorandum on the House of Lords, 8 Mar. 1910, Asquith Papers, Bodleian Library, Asquith MS 103, fols. 37-40. 4. N. St John-Stevas, 'Bagehot and the Monarchy', Works, XV 305. 5. T. Nairn, The Enchanted Glass (London, 1988) 360-61; J. Cannon, 'The Survival of the British Monarchy', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., no. 36 (1986) 151. Cannon later argued that Bagehot was not only the starting place for discussion, but also had a decisive impact on the monarchy's evolution; see his Stenton Lecture, The Modern British Monarchy: A Study in Adaptation (Reading, 1987) 17. 6. The best brief look at Bagehot's life is N. St John-Stevas, 'Walter Bagehot, A Short Biography', Works, I 29-83. 7. Quoted in ibid., 38. 8. 'Mr Macaulay' (1856), Works, I 408. 9. Bagehot to his mother, 8 May 1851 [apparently misdated: the actual open­ ing day of the exhibition was May 1st), Works, XII 317-19. 10. Bagehot's ambivalence is also explored in D. Spring, 'Walter Bagehot and Deference', The American Historical Review, 81 (Jun. 1976) 524-531. 11. Spring, 'Bagehot and Deference', 525. 12. Works, V 203 [hereafter all references to The English Constitution unless noted otherwise). 13. J. Burrow, 'Sense and Circumstances: Bagehot and the Nature of Political Understanding', in Collini, Winch and Burrow, Noble Science of Politics, 163; N. St John-Stevas, 'The Political Genius of Walter Bagehot', Works, V 75. Notes 147 For a complete bibliography of commentaries on The English Constitution see Works, XV 426-42. 14. Works, V 204. 15. Ibid., 206 [Bagehot's emphasis]. 16. Ibid., 241. 17. Ibid., chapter 7, 'Its Supposed Checks and Balances', 344-66. 18. Ibid., 226. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid., 229. 21. Ibid., 208. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., 386. 24. Physics and Politics (1872), Works, VII 104-5. 25. Works, V 230. 26. Ibid., 209. 27. Ibid., 243. 28. 'The Cost of Public Dignity' (1867), Works, V 411-13; 'Sir Charles Dilke on the Cost of the Crown' (1874), Works, V 414-17. The civil list was an annual sum granted to the queen by parliament to defray the costs of run­ ning the royal household, to pay the salaries of household officers and servants, and to provide her with funds for her own personal use. 29. The New Title of the Queen' (1876), Works, V 447-9. 30. 'Quiet Reasons for Quiet Peers' (1869), Works, VI 20-1 [Bagehot's emphasis]; see also Lombard Street (1873), Works, IX 81. 31. The Position of the Lords at this Juncture' (1869), Works, VI 29 [Bagehot's emphasis]. 32. Works, V 234, 239. 33. 'Mr Bright on Republicanism' (1873), Works, V 427-30. 34. Works, V 239. 35. Ibid., 240. 36. Ibid. 37. Ibid., 369. 38. Ibid., 259. 39. Ibid., 280. 40. John Burrow has placed Bagehot in a tradition of skeptical Whigs who defended the established order. Hume, Paley, Burke and Macaulay were cynical about the crowd's reverence for tradition, yet reverential themselves.