Deleveraging The model is the extended version of the Carroll and Toche(2009) model employed in Carroll, Slacalek, and Sommer(2012), where the only modification is to incorporate an unemployment insurance system. (See the appendix to Carroll, Slacalek, and Sommer (2012) for details of the structure of the unemployment insurance system). The economy consists of two groups of people, either “patient” or “impatient.” Under the same parameter values as Carroll and Toche(2009) except that the severance payment & = 4 and death rate D = 0:05, the “patient” group is calibrated to have time preference rate # = 0:0206 so that their target wealth is 12, while the “impatient” group is calibrated to have # = 0:1061 so that their target wealth is -2 (they are in debt, so their net worth is negative). We consider three experiments focusing on how the saving rate evolves under different kinds of shocks. 1. Credit Cycle We consider an experiment with a gradual increase and then an abrupt decrease of the severance payment. More concretely, before 2001, severance payment is equal to the baseline value, 4. From 2002 to 2007, severance payment gradually increases, &2002 = &2001 + η& ;&2003 = &2001 + 2η& ; :::; &2007 = &2001 + 6η& . There is an abrupt reversal of severance payment at 2008, say, &2008 = &2001 and remains at the baseline level from then on. We calibrate η& = 0:35 so that debt level of the impatient group reaches 2.6 at 2007. Figure 1 characterizes saving dynamics over such a credit cycle. Both groups cut their saving rate during credit boom, because higher severance payment makes people less painful when losing jobs. At 2008 when there is a sudden credit crunch, both groups increase their saving rate aggresively in order to have a higher target wealth. 2. Expansion of Growth Expectation Before 2001, growth expectation is equal to the baseline value, 0. Growth expectation increases to ηg from 2002 to 2007. Since 2008, growth expectation drops back to its original level, 0. Notice that the “actual” growth rate is always set to be zero, which means people are over-optimistic from 2002-2007. Given parameter values above, ηg is calibrated to be 0.0363. Figure 2 characterizes saving dynamics under expansion of growth expectation, which is qualitatively similar to result of the first experiment. When people are over- optimistic about future, their saving rate is lower. When their expectaion becomes consistent with actual growth rate again, their saving rate becomes even higher in order to recover original target wealth. 3. Decrease of Unemployment Expectation Before 2001, unemployment rate expectation is equal to the baseline value, 0.005. Unemployment rate expectation decreases to 0:005 − η from 2002 to 2007. Since 2008, unemployment rate expectation increases to its original0 level, 0.005. “Actual” unemployment rate is always set to be 0.005, which means people are over-optimistic from 2002-2007. In order to keep growth rate of labor income of employed consumers unchanged1, we increase the growth expectation by the same amount from 2002 to 2007. η is calibrated to be 0.0038. Figure 30 characterizes saving dynamics during the period when people underestimate unemployment rate. Clearly, when people are optimistic about future employment, they tend to cut their saving; when they realize low unemployment rate is not the truth, they suddenly increase savings and adjust their target wealth to original level. 1Notice that in Carroll and Toche(2009), it is given by Γ = G= . 0 2 Figure 1 Saving Dynamics over Credit Cycle Saving Rate 0.1 Time 2001 2007 -0.1 Less patient group More patient group Figure 2 Saving Dynamics under Expansion of Growth Expectation Saving Rate 0.1 Time 2001 2007 -0.1 Less patient group More patient group 3 Figure 3 Saving Dynamics under Optimism about Unemployment Expectation Saving Rate 0.1 Time 2001 2007 -0.1 Less patient group More patient group 4 References Carroll, Christopher D., Jiri Slacalek, and Martin Sommer (2012): “Dissecting Saving Dynamics: Measuring Wealth, Precautionary, and Credit Effects,” Manuscript, Johns Hopkins University, http://econ.jhu.edu/people/ccarroll/papers/cssUSSaving/. Carroll, Christopher D., and Patrick Toche (2009): “A Tractable Model of Buffer Stock Saving,” NBER Working Paper Number 15265, http: //econ.jhu.edu/people/ccarroll/papers/ctDiscrete. 5.