University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2015 Investigating Cranial Variation in Japanese Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics Beatrix Dudzik University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Dudzik, Beatrix, "Investigating Cranial Variation in Japanese Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3576 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Beatrix Dudzik entitled "Investigating Cranial Variation in Japanese Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. Richard L. Jantz, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Lee Meadows Jantz, William Seaver, Benjamin M. Auerbach Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Investigating Cranial Variation in Japanese Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Beatrix Dudzik December 2015 Dedicated to my father. He has always encouraged me to explore scientific endeavors, adventures and passion for life, but has also been (more than) willing to provide a healthy dose of reality as needed. Thank you for your love and for teaching me the importance of living in the moment. The forms may change yet the essence remains the same ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to highlight the patience and unwavering support from my advisors, Drs. Richard and Lee (Meadows) Jantz. They both have proved to be tireless educators and have offered patient instruction and assistance even when I didn’t deserve it. The appreciation I feel in regards to the advice, opportunities and guidance they have provided is beyond words. A large thank you is offered to my additional committee members, Drs. Benjamin Auerbach and William Seaver. Their flexibility, patience and knowledge is deeply appreciated. Dr. Noriko Seguchi was pivotal in gaining access to the majority of skeletal collections used in this work. ありがとうございます. I look forward to utilizing the datasets in further analyses in collaborative efforts with Dr. Seguchi and her laboratory. The majority of data collection was funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation East Asian and Pacific Studies Summer Institute. Additional funding was provided by Fordisc and the W.K. McClure scholarship for the study of world affairs. A large thank you also goes to Dr. Steve Ousley who allowed me to tag along on an incredible data collection tour through East Asia. A warm thank you to Dr. Natalie Langley who has been a fantastic colleague and a true friend. Cheers to many more scientific collaborations, road trips, music festivals and drinking wine while running stats (wait, what?). Of course, thank you to my friends, the West coast (best coast)- ers, the Tennessee natives and southern transplants alike for coffee, beer and marathon breaks (no literally… like an actual marathon) to break up the self loathing never ending darkness wonderfully rewarding yet tedious process of writing a dissertation. I look forward to providing a shoulder to cry hysterically on strong support system for those of you that have your own work to complete. iii This is getting long… Thank you Dr2. Heli Maijanen. Through the dark times, the darker times and then the times with a tiny bit of light, dog hair and muddy paw prints. Gorging myself on cheesecake just isn’t the same without you. Thank you for everything. Dr. JC, thank you for supporting me through quite possibly the most challenging part of my graduate career (completing edits and swearing at Microsoft Word). Last but not least, thank you to my baby sister, Allison. She is wise beyond her years and has helped me more than she knows. I only hope I can keep giving her examples of what “not to do”, so she can learn vicariously through my mistakes. Emoji laughing face. Love you. iv ABSTRACT The Japanese archipelago exhibits an immense amount of variation in culture and history, despite the lay population mostly considering the modern Japanese a homogeneous population. Japan has experienced an amazing amount migration activity. These migration events are well represented in the archaeological record and have provided fodder for hypotheses proposed for peopling of the new world. Biological anthropologists have tested hypotheses surrounding the initial peopling of the islands using linear data in conjunction with non-metric traits of the skull. Recent molecular studies have provided evidence for population substructure, which suggests an original founding group of North Asian descent, and a more recent migration into Southern Japan from the Korean peninsula. The secondary migration interbred with the indigenous Jomon inhabitants, ultimately giving rise to two distinct genetic lineages. An examination of a variety of skeletal collections from a range of temporal and regional samples in Japan allows for an expansion of hypotheses proposed by previous research to explain the range of variation observed through time and space in Japan. This study aims to build upon research endeavors that have quantified various aspects of skeletal morphology represented in Japan. This study reexamines the majority of analyses that have used metric data by using three dimensional data (3D). 3D or coordinate data can be used to better identify evolutionary patterns in biological populations via geometric morphometric approaches. Samples utilized represents skeletal collections of a nearly temporally continuous sequence that encompasses the indigenous Jomon culture that dates to 10,000 BP to the modern period. Results highlight the utility of comparisons of various types of data that represent morphological variation. It is argued that 3D data can provide novel results and thus the reexamination of a host of hypotheses that examine morphology of the cranium is warranted. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Proposed Hypotheses .................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 7 Biological Foundations .......................................................................................................... 7 Growth and Development of the Cranium ................................................................................ 14 Phenotypic Plasticity in the Cranium ........................................................................................ 22 Morphological Integration and Modularity in the Skull ........................................................... 23 Gene flow and admixture expression in the skull ..................................................................... 25 Relevant Archaeological and Anthropological Research................................................. 29 Archaeological History of Japan ............................................................................................... 29 Anthropological Research in Japan ........................................................................................... 37 Secular Change Studies in Japan ............................................................................................... 40 Post-Cranial Studies .................................................................................................................. 45 Genetic Studies .......................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................... 57 Variables Used .......................................................................................................................... 59 Geometric Morphometric Approaches ...................................................................................... 63 Statistical Analyses ................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 82 Modern Group Comparison Results .......................................................................................... 83 Male Vault Analysis............................................................................................................. 83 Male Facial Analysis ...........................................................................................................