Organised crime in Southern Africa First annual review Compiled by Annette Hübschle Contents Acknowledgements . iii Executive summary . iv Introduction . .1 Background . .3 Methodology . .7 Definition . 7 Research methods . 9 The research questions . 11 Research challenges . 11 Criminal activities undertaken by organised criminal groups since 2005 . 12 Smuggling and illegal importation of goods and counterfeit commodities . 13 Cigarette smuggling . 15 Firearms smuggling . 17 Audiovisual piracy . 18 Counterfeit medicines and cosmetics . 19 Fuel smuggling . 20 Liquor smuggling . 20 Counterfeit currency . 21 The drug markets . 23 Cannabis . 23 Cocaine . 27 Amphetamines and methamphetamines . 30 Heroin . 31 Subutex (buprenorphine) . 32 Khat . 33 Smuggling of stolen motor vehicles . 35 Armed robberies . 41 Smuggling of endangered species and rare resources . 53 Poaching . 53 Abalone poaching . 56 Timber . 59 Mining . 59 Financial crime and money laundering . 65 Lesotho . 65 Zambia . 67 Mauritius . 68 Swaziland . 68 Review of organised crime in Southern Africa i Organised crime in Southern Africa: First annual review South Africa . 69 Malawi . 73 People smuggling and human trafficking . 75 Mozambique . 75 South Africa . 76 Tanzania . 76 Mauritius . 76 Malawi . 77 Lesotho . 77 Swaziland . 78 Zambia . 78 Botswana . 78 Stock theft and cattle rustling . 81 Stock theft . 81 The corruption and organised crime nexus . 85 South Africa . 85 Zambia . 86 Tanzania . 88 Mauritius . 89 Swaziland . 89 Findings and recommendations . 93 Vulnerability . 93 Crime statistics . 93 Centralised crime database . 94 Specialised organised crime units . 94 Dedicated and specific organised crime legislation . ..