Urban planning 1 History Further information: History of urban planning There is evidence of urban planning and designed com- munities dating back to the Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Minoan, and Egyptian civilizations in the third millen- nium BCE. Archeologists studying the ruins of cities in these areas find paved streets that were laid out at right angles in a grid pattern.[5] The idea of a planned out ur- ban area evolved as different civilizations adopted it. Be- ginning in the 8th century BCE, Greek city states were primarily centered on orthogonal (or grid-like) plans.[6] Urban planning designs settlements, from the smallest towns to The ancient Romans, inspired by the Greeks, also used the largest cities. Shown here is Hong Kong from Western District orthogonal plans for their cities. City planning in the Ro- overlooking Kowloon, across Victoria Harbour. man world was developed for military defense and pub- lic convenience. The spread of the Roman Empire sub- sequently spread the ideas of urban planning. As the Roman Empire declined, these ideas slowly disappeared. However, most large cities in Europe still held onto the planned Roman city center. Most cities in Europe, from Urban planning is a technical and political process the 9th to 14th centuries, grew organically and sometimes concerned with the use of land, protection and use chaotically. The Renaissance in Europe started to bring of the environment, public welfare, and the design of back some of these planning and design ideas. During the urban environment, including air, water, and the the Enlightenment period, several European rulers ambi- infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas such tiously attempted to redesign capital cities. During the as transportation, communications, and distribution net- Second French Republic, Baron Georges-Eugène Hauss- works.[1] Urban Planning is also referred to as urban and mann, under the direction of Napoleon III, redesigned regional, regional, town, city, rural planning or some the city of Paris into a more modern capital, with long, combination in various areas worldwide. Urban planning straight, wide boulevards.[7] takes many forms and it can share perspectives and prac- [2] European urban planning became established in the New tices with urban design. World with the Spanish Laws of the Indies during the six- Urban planning guides and ensures the orderly devel- teenth century. The English introduced urban planning to opment of settlements and satellite communities which North America with the Grand Model for the Province of commute into and out of urban areas or share resources Carolina in 1670. with it. Urban planners in the field are concerned with Planning and architecture went through a paradigm shift research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, at the turn of the 20th century. The industrialized cities of urban design, public consultation, policy recommenda- [3] the 19th century grew at a tremendous rate. The pace and tions, implementation and management. style of this industrial construction was largely dictated by Urban Planners work with the cognate fields of the concerns of private business. The evils of urban life Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Civil Engineer- for the working poor were becoming increasingly evident ing, and Public Administration to achieve strategic, pol- as a matter for public concern. The laissez-faire style of icy and sustainability goals. Early urban planners were government management of the economy, in fashion for often members of these cognate fields. Today urban most of the Victorian era, was starting to give way to a planning is a separate, independent professional disci- New Liberalism that championed intervention on the part pline. The discipline is the broader category that includes of the poor and disadvantaged. Around 1900, theorists many different sub-fields such as land-use planning, began developing urban planning models to mitigate the zoning, environmental planning, transportation planning, consequences of the industrial age, by providing citizens, and Parks and Recreation.[4] especially factory workers, with healthier environments. 1 2 6 REFERENCES Urban planning started to become professionalized dur- tal and social trends. In developing the plan for a commu- ing this time. The Town and Country Planning Associ- nity (whether commercial, residential, agricultural, nat- ation was founded in 1899 and the first academic course ural or recreational), urban planners must also consider on urban planning was offered by the University of Liver- a wide array of issues such as sustainability, air pollu- pool in 1909.[8] In the 1920s, the ideas of modernism and tion, traffic congestion, crime, land values, legislation and uniformity began to surface in urban planning, and lasted zoning codes. until the 1970s. Many planners started to believe that the The importance of the urban planner is increasing ideas of modernism in urban planning led to higher crime throughout the 21st century, as modern society begins rates and social problems.[9] Urban planners now focus to face issues of increased population growth, climate more on individualism and diversity in urban centers. change and unsustainable development. An urban plan- ner could be considered a green collar professional. As of May 2014, urban and regional planners are averaging 2 Theories a salary of $69,000.[11] Further information: Theories of Urban Planning 5 See also Planning Theory is the body of scientific concepts, def- initions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that • Architecture define the body of knowledge of urban planning. There • Civil engineering are eight procedural theories of planning that remain the principal theories of planning procedure today: the • Development studies rational-comprehensive approach, the incremental ap- proach, the transactive approach, the communicative ap- • Index of urban planning articles proach, the advocacy approach, the equity approach, the radical approach, and the humanist or phenomenological • List of planned cities approach.[10] • List of planning journals • List of urban planners 3 Technical aspects • List of urban theorists Further information: Technical Aspects of Urban • Rural development Planning • Urban design Technical Aspects of Urban Planning involve the applying scientific, technical processes, considerations and features that are involved in planning for land 6 References use, urban design, natural resources, transportation, and infrastructure. Urban planning includes techniques such [1] “What is Urban Planning”. Retrieved April 24, 2015. as: predicting population growth, zoning, geographic [2] Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, mapping and analysis, analyzing park space, surveying H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks the water supply, identifying transportation patterns, rec- and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. ognizing food supply demands, allocating healthcare and Planning Theory, 12(2), 177-198. social services, and analyzing the impact of land use. [3] Taylor, Nigel (2007). Urban Planning Theory since 1945, London, Sage. 4 Urban planners [4] “What Is Planning?". www.planning.org. Retrieved 2015-09-28. Further information: Urban Planner [5] Davreu, Robert (1978). “Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley”. The World’s Last Mysteries. An urban planner is a professional who works in the (second edition). Sydney: Readers’ Digest. pp. 121-129. field of urban planning for the purpose of optimizing the ISBN 0-909486-61-1. effectiveness of a community’s land use and infrastruc- [6] Kolb, Frank (1984). Die Stadt im Altertum. München: ture. They formulate plans for the development and man- Verlag C.H. Beck. pp. 51-141: Morris, A.E.J. (1972). agement of urban and suburban areas, typically analyzing History of Urban Form. Prehistory to the Renaissance. land use compatibility as well as economic, environmen- London. pp. 22-23. 3 [7] Jordan, David (1992). “Baron Haussmann and Modern Paris”. American Scholar 61 (1): 99. [8] “urban planning”. [9] Smith Morris et al. British Town Planning and Urban De- sign, 1997, ISBN 0-582-23496-4, Longman, Singapore. [10] “How Planners Use Planning Theory”. Retrieved April 24, 2015. [11] “Urban and Regional Planners”. www.bls.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-28. 4 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 7.1 Text • Urban planning Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning?oldid=715232849 Contributors: Kku, Bearcat, Whiteghost.ink, Neilireson, Nate Wessel, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Serols, Mean as custard, ClueBot NG, Widr, Rund717, BG19bot, Twilson088, Hendrick 99, Citobun, Randomeditor1000, Blanksamurai, KasparBot, RES2773, Jam3jr, Kaleighp, CLCStudent, Winny21, Maglan sangenoi (SLU) and Anonymous: 6 7.2 Images • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? 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