THE LIFE, LETTERS AND LABOURS OF FRANCIS GALTON CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, MANAOKR aonfton : FETTER LANE, E.C. Etmiturgti: 100 PRINCES STREET SMI lonoon: H. K. LKWIK, 131! fiOWER STREET, \V.C. lonoon: WILLIAM WESLEY & SO.V 18 I!SSI:\ STKKl"!'. STKANH Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. 1Ui|>>i8: F. A. BROCKHADS jStni Borfe: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Sombnp nnli (Tnlmtln : MACMILT-AN AND CO., LTD. (Toronto: J. M. WENT AND SONS, Lin. rok(i: Till! MAJM'/KX-KABX'SHIKI-KAISHA All rights rfnerved FRANCIS GALTON in I'.WW. From ;i |)hot.>jrrii|>li Ipy tin- Antlior of tlio inifinislii-il pictuiv l,y (. \\'. Fursc ;it ( laverdon. THE LIFE, LETTERS AND LABOURS OF FRANCIS GALTON BY KARL PEARSON GALTON PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OK LONDON VOLUME I BIRTH 1822 TO MARRIAGE 1853 Cambridge : ^' at the University Press / x l l%/ \fl\ 1914 Q 114-3 v. I Cnnibtitigr PKINTEI) BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PBE88 PREFACE delay that has attended the issue of this Life of Francis THEGalton, of which even now only the first volume appears, is largely due to three causes. In the first place the writer has so many other duties that the time to sort out, peruse and abstract the large amount of available material has only been obtained in odd holiday intervals or by postponing the claims of students and workers in the Galton Laboratory on his attention and energy. I trust that they will for the sake of this account of the life of the man, to whom we alike owe so much, pardon the delays, which have so often been inflicted on the I that publication of their own researches. Secondly had hoped some postponement of the date of issue might lead to the discovery of more " has material bearing on the Fallow Years" 1844 to 1849. This hope 1 not been fulfilled, and nothing has reached me which in any way to existed at the supplies the place of the material, which appears have date of Galton's death, judging by his own index to his letters. Hardly fixed his habitation a letter to him of this period, which would have has reached and occupation, or have suggested his thoughts and reading, me. The whole of his letters home from Egypt and Syria have his which would have perished, and the letters to him from sisters, told much, have been destroyed. The first realisation of this loss so the of depressed me, that I almost determined to give up portraiture exhibited in some of its a life, which could thus never be adequately which follow most men's most momentous phases. The five years their lives. No other University careers are the most developmental of quinquennium is one of such marked growth, for men usually in this for must period will start to think and act definitely themselves ; they then face the fundamental problems of life relying on their own powers. Ik-re I can tell my reader little or nothing of Francis Galton, and I is not to want of would merely say that the absence of information due 1 I have endeavoured in vain to trace what has happened to letters written 60 to 70 years ago to College friends all long dead. vi Life and Letters of /-'yv^r/.s (,'<illon searching. It was imly the feeling that, at least in one or two aspects of r'riineis (Jalton's later life and of his scientific work, I could perhaps put his contributions to human knowledge more adequately than possibly one or another who might take up the task, if I resigned it, and who would hardly grasp the hearing of that long and intimate scientific corre- spondence between Galton, Weldon and myself, that I persevered in my endeavour to give some account of a life, wherein an important chapter of personal development must remain largely unrecorded. The last source of delay has been the difficulty of collecting the illus- trative material, with which i determined from the start to accompany this work. The records had to be collected from many sources, and it was clear to I soon me that was collecting as much information bearing on the family history of Charles Darwin as on that of Francis Galton. It seemed desirable to place the two men to some extent in contrast in my volume, showing in ancestry, in methods of work and in outlook on life what had in they common and how they differed. Twenty years no one would have ago, questioned which was the greater man. To-day the work of is Darwin being largely undermined by a new view of are told that " the heredity. We transformation of masses of popula- tion by imperceptible steps, guided by selection, is as most of us now see, so to the whether of inapplicable facts, variation, or of specificity, that we can marvel both at the only want of penetration displayed by the advocates of such a proposition, and at the forensic skill by which it was made to 1 appear acceptable even for a time ." Foremost among such advocates were Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. If the above be judgment given correct, Darwinian evolution is only a fallacy supported for a time by "forensic skill." Its propound ers must Ixjlong to a school which will leave no permanent mark on human The last have a thought. twenty years seen continual progress, not in the only expansion of the methods initiated by Galton, but in the recognition of the to which he desired their above purposes application ; all we have approached much closer to the conscious study of what makes for race efficiency to the application of Darwinian ideas to the directed evolution of man. If Darwinism is to survive the open as well as covert attacks of the Mendelian school, it will only be because in the future a new race of biologists will arise trained up in Galtonian method and able to criticise from that standpoint both Darwinism 1 Problems of William Genetics, by Batoson, p. i>4*, New Haven, 1913. Preface vii and Mcndelism, for both now transcend any treatment which fails to mathematical approach them witli adequate knowledge. If this view be a true view of the evolution of biological thought the in the near future, then any comparison of the relative greatness of needs the of two men becomes superficial. Darwinism complement truth it Galtonian method before it can become a demonstrable ; Galtonian enthusiasm before it can requires to be supplemented by exercise a substantial influence on the conscious direction of race evolution. Man has been directly endeavouring for a few thousand himself his environment. Galton's years to improve by improving be his lesson over and over again disregarded by those who profess to could be achieved this that the disciples was that little way, primary method to elevate the race was to insure that its physically and of mentally abler members, not only had the unrecognised advantage natural selection in their favour, but were directly and consciously be Erasmus encouraged to be fertile by the state. If my view correct, whether Darwin planted the seed of suggestion in questioning adapta- tion meant no more to man than illustration of creative ingenuity ; the facts which had to be the one grandson, Charles Darwin, collected the dealt with and linked them together by wide-reaching hypotheses; methods which other grandson, Francis Galton, provided the by they could be tested, and saw with the enthusiasm of a prophet their to the directed and self-conscious evolution of application in the future and the human race. It is unprofitable to discuss relative greatness, which in this work I have made no attempt to do so. I see one family has done much for our national worth, and every fact which bears on its is of interest to us all. Those who know history and its characteristics and Darwin the real history of the one occasion on which Galton was to Darwin with a, disagreed know how loyal Galton loyal loyalty have wished me to him in far rarer to-day. Galton would not put the same rank as his master, but the reader who follows my story to the end may possibly see that the ramifications of Galton's methods branches of which are producing a renascence in innumerable science, Darwinian of will be as epoch-making in the near future as the theory and which lias encountered evolution was in biology from 1860 to 1880, from both the learned and and will encounter no less bigoted opposition renascence has been the writer's the lay. To work for that Galtonian friend main aim in life as it was also that of his chief colleague and volumes will contribute W. F. R. Weldon. I can only hope that these viii Life and Letters of Francis Galton to and what he to the due appreciation of what Galton laboured do hoped in the future might be done in this field. record here the It is only fitting that I should put on ready help 1 have received in innumerable ways from Francis Galton's relatives and friends. For letters, papers and the reproduction of illustrative Wheler portraits I have in the first place to thank Mr Edward Galton of to his Mrs T. J. A. I owe also much in Claverdon ; sister, Studdy, M. B. Sir Francis the way of facts and portraits. Mrs G. Lethbridge, Galton's niece, did invaluable work in placing in order and indexing the letters to her uncle from 18fiO onwards.