Galileo Satellite Navigation System Space applications on earth STUDY Panel for the Future of Science and Technology EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) PE 614.560 – October 2018 EN Galileo Satellite Navigation System: Space applications on earth Study October 2018 Abstract This study explains the background necessary for an understanding of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) working principle, and highlights Galileo’s properties in comparison to those of other competing GNSSs. It outlines Galileo’s importance for the EU, emphasising the socio-economic and strategic benefits for Europe by providing a detailed view of a wide variety of applications across different domains. The study also considers the different requirements from the various application domains, which are based on commonly used Key Performance Indicators. It also identifies some of the gaps and challenges to reaching Galileo’s final operational capability, expected in 2021. The study concludes with an examination of results, based on which different policy options are proposed in order to maximise the impact of the European GNSS in the near future and in the longer term. The study is based on interviews with various experts throughout Europe involved in GNSS in general and Galileo in particular, and on an extensive literature review covering high-quality sources. PE 614.560 3 STOA - Panel for the Future of Science and Technology The STOA study ‘Galileo Satellite Navigation System: Space applications on earth’ was carried out by experts of the Institute of Flight Guidance of the Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany, at the request of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology, and managed by the Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (DG EPRS) of the European Parliament. AUTHORS Prof. Dr-Ing. Peter Hecker; Dr-Ing. Ulf Bestmann; Dipl.-Ing., M.Sc. Alexander Schwithal; Dipl.-Ing. Mirko Stanisak (Institute of Flight Guidance of the Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany) Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to all those who participated in the survey organised within this study. Special thanks to the interviewees who shared their opinions and views. The complete list of contributors is presented in the annexe. STOA ADMINISTRATOR RESPONSIBLE Nera Kuljanic Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services European Parliament, Rue Wiertz 60, B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSION Original: EN ABOUT THE PUBLISHER To contact STOA or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: [email protected]. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/ Manuscript completed in October 2018 Brussels, © European Union, 2018 DISCLAIMER This document is prepared for, and addressed to, the Members and staff of the European Parliament as background material to assist them in their parliamentary work. The content of the document is the sole responsibility of its author(s) and any opinions expressed herein should not be taken to represent an official position of the Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy. PE 614.560 ISBN 978-92-846-3340-1 doi: 10.2861/684607 QA-06-18-148-EN-N 4 Galileo Satellite Navigation System: Space applications on earth Table of contents List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 7 List of tables ................................................................................................................................................... 8 List of figures .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 12 2. Purpose, methodology and study structure ....................................................................................... 15 2.1. Purpose of the study .......................................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 15 2.3. Study structure ................................................................................................................................... 15 3. The Galileo system ............................................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Current deployment status ............................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Future plans for Galileo ..................................................................................................................... 17 3.3. Comparison of Galileo to other GNSSs ........................................................................................... 18 3.4. Costs of the Galileo system ............................................................................................................... 20 4. Domain-related assessment ................................................................................................................ 21 4.1. Aviation ............................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.1. Navigation .................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.2. Surveillance ................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1.3. Remotely piloted aircraft systems ................................................................................................. 23 4.1.4. Aircraft tracking and distress monitoring .................................................................................... 24 4.2. Location Based Services ..................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.1. Pedestrian navigation ................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.2. Health and emergency ................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.3. Position monitoring ...................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.4. Smartphones/Tablets ..................................................................................................................... 26 4.2.5. eCall .............................................................................................................................................. 26 4.2.6. Cospas-Sarsat ................................................................................................................................ 27 4.3. Timing and synchronisation ............................................................................................................. 28 4.3.1. Network synchronisation .............................................................................................................. 29 4.3.2. Distributed applications ................................................................................................................ 29 4.4. Surveying ............................................................................................................................................ 30 4.5. Road and autonomous driving ........................................................................................................ 32 4.6. Rail ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 4.7. Maritime .............................................................................................................................................. 33 4.8. Agriculture .......................................................................................................................................... 35 5 STOA - Panel for the Future of Science and Technology 4.9. Public authorities and military ......................................................................................................... 35 4.10. Summary across domains ................................................................................................................. 36 5. Major advantages of the Galileo programme..................................................................................... 38 5.1. Civil governance ................................................................................................................................. 38 5.2. Strategic autonomy of the EU ..........................................................................................................