Table S4. Collection data, museum numbers, and altitude of localities of the specimens used in the DNA amplification and physiological measurements. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in references (1-4). Locality Altitude Other Localities Altitude Genus Species Museum Country (sequences and physiology) (m) (physiology) (m) QCAZ15998 NA Ademomera andreae Ecuador Zamora Chinchipe: near Zamora 980 (Outgroup) DCC3170 NA Bufo nebulifer USA Texas: Gulf Coast -- (Outgroup) QCAZ16512 Pichincha: Manuel Cornejo A NA Centrolene grandisonae Ecuador 950 (Outgroup) (Tandapi), via Atenas KU202561 NA Ceratophrys cornuta Perú Madre de Dios: Cusco Amazónico 200 (Outgroup) MLPA 1414 Misiones: Aristobulo del Valle, NA Crossodactylus schmidti Argentina 450 (Outgroup) Balneario Cunapirú QCAZ16621 NA Lithodytes lineatus Ecuador Morona Santiago: Méndez 550 (Outgroup) Colombia: Amazonas: Leticia 83 Francisco de Orellana: Parque Allobates femoralis QCAZ16484 Ecuador 230 Ecuador: Sucumbíos: 260 Nacional Yasuní-Estación PUCE Lumbaqui Francisco de Orellana: Parque Allobates insperatus QCAZ16533 Ecuador 230 -- Nacional Yasuní-Estación PUCE Meta: Villavicencio, Villavicencio- Allobates juanii TNHCFS4978 Colombia 411 -- Restrepo road Ecuador: Zamora Chinchipe: Allobates kingsburyi QCAZ16523 Ecuador Zamora Chinchipe: Río Chicaña 1085 870 Panguitza Táchira: road from San Cristobal to Allobates algorei TNHCFS5551 Venezuela 529 -- Río Negro via el Piñal Panamá: Panamá: Lago Pichincha: Río Sábalo, ca. Pedro 60 Allobates talamancae QCAZ16551 Ecuador 191 Bayano Vicente Maldonado 50 Colombia: Chocó: Quibdó Allobates zaparo QCAZ16603 Ecuador Napo: Jatun Sacha, via Ahuano 390 -- Sucumbíos: Laguna Grande-Neotropic, Ecuador: Fco. Orellana: Ameerega bilinguis QCAZ28835 Ecuador Reserva de Producción Faunística 260 Parque Nacional Yasuní- 230 Cuyabeno Estación PUCE Francisco de Orellana: Parque Ameerega hahneli QCAZ19240 Ecuador 230 Ecuador: Pastaza: Canelos 631 Nacional Yasuní-Estación PUCE Ecuador: Napo: Jatun Sacha, Ameerega parvula QCAZ16584 Ecuador Morona Santiago: near Méndez 550 390 Ahuano Ameerega trivittata TNHCFS4966 Colombia Amazonas: Leticia, Cerca Viva 83 -- Table S4 (Cont.) Collection data, museum numbers, and altitude of localities of the specimens used in the DNA amplification and physiological measurements. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in references (1-4). Locality Altitude Other Localities Altitude Genus Species Museum Country (sequences and physiology) (m) (physiology) (m) Anomaloglossus verbeeksnyderorum TNHCFS5631 Venezuela Amazonas: Puerto Ayacucho, Tobogán 81 -- Mérida: Santa Cruz de Mora via Los Aromobates aff. alboguttatus TNHCFS5541 Venezuela 1193 -- Ranchos Aromobates saltuensis TNHCFS5541 Venezuela Táchira: San Félix, San Juan de Colón 751 -- Colostethus fugax QCAZ16513 Ecuador Morona Santiago: 2 km E Santiago 495 -- Colostethus panamansis TNHCFS4810 Panamá Colón: Fort Sherman 189 -- Colostethus pratti TNHCFS4807 Panamá Colón: Parque Nacional Portobello 50 -- Coclé: El Cope, Parque Nacional Dendrobates auratus TNHCFS4811 Panamá General de División Omar Torrijos 782 Panamá: Colón: Fort Sherman 189 Herrera Quindío: Barbas, Finlandia, Hacienda Colombia: Valle: Buga- Dendrobates bombetes TNHCFS4946 Colombia 1958 1610 Lusitania Buenaventura road Dendrobates captivus QCAZ27442 Ecuador Zamora Chinchipe: near Panguitza 870 -- Bocas del Toro: Isla Colón, Bocas del Dendrobates claudiae KS9 Panamá 11 -- Drago Francisco de Orellana: Parque Dendrobates duellmani QCAZ16559 Ecuador 230 -- Nacional Yasuní-Estación PUCE Dendrobates galactonotus TNHCFS4889 Brazil Pet Trade n.d. -- Dendrobates histrionicus TNHCFS4985 Colombia Chocó: Quibdó, La Troje 50 -- Dendrobates lamasi JCS Perú Pet Trade n.d. -- Dendrobates leucomelas TNHCFS5639 Venezuela Amazonas: Puerto Ayacucho, Tobogán 81 -- Bocas del Toro: Isla Colón, Bocas del Dendrobates pumilio TNHCFS4814 Panamá 11 -- Drago (Dragomar) Dendrobates sp. Quibdo TNHCFS4943 Colombia Chocó: Quibdó, La Troje 50 -- Ecuador: Sto. Domingo: near Dendrobates sylvaticus QCAZ16563 Ecuador Esmeraldas: near Quingue 306 Santo Domingo de los 604 Colorados Dendrobates tinctorius TNHC64416 Surinam Pet Trade n.d. -- Dendrobates truncatus TNHCFS4979 Colombia Tolima: Mariquita, vereda Malabares 587 -- Table S4 (Cont.) Collection data, museum numbers, and altitude of localities of the specimens used in the DNA amplification and physiological measurements. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in references (1-4). Locality Altitude Other Localities Altitude Genus Species Museum Country (sequences and physiology) (m) (physiology) (m) Colombia: Amazonas: Leticia 83 Ecuador: Francisco de 230 Dendrobates ventrimaculatus JCS Surinam Pet Trade n.d. Orellana: Parque Nacional Yasuní-Estación PUCE Dendrobates virolinensis TNHCFS4950 Colombia Santander: Virolín, Costilla de Fara 1767 -- Ecuador: El Oro: Pasaje- Epipedobates anthonyi QCAZ16597 Ecuador Loja: Macará-Catacocha 1135 1512 Girón Esmeraldas: A 3 Km de Durango, road Epipedobates boulengeri QCAZ16574 Ecuador 253 -- to San Lorenzo Epipedobates machalilla QCAZ16527 Ecuador Manabí: Río Ayampe 70 -- Epipedobates sp. F QCAZ16590 Ecuador Pichincha: Unión del Toachi 694 Ecuador: Pichincha: Mindo 1525 Epipedobates tricolor QCAZ21977 Ecuador Cotopaxi: Corazón-Moraspungo 1250 -- Esmeraldas: Laguna de Cubes, Montes Ecuador: Pichincha: Unión Hyloxalus awa QCAZ16502 Ecuador 350 694 del Mache del Toachi Hyloxalus azueriventris KS32 Perú San Martín: Cainarachi Valley 350 Pet Trade n.d. Sucumbíos: La Libertad road to La Hyloxalus bocagei QCAZ37259 Ecuador 1330 -- Virgen Hyloxalus elachyhistus QCAZ16517 Ecuador El Oro: Torata-Balsas road 640 -- Ecuador: Pastaza: Hola Vida Hyloxalus maculosus QCAZ37262 Ecuador Sucumbíos: Lumbaqui 260 631 Reserve Morona Santiago: Indanza-San Miguel Ecuador: Morona Santiago: Hyloxalus nexipus QCAZ16537 Ecuador 855 550 del Conchay near Méndez Francisco de Orellana: Parque Hyloxalus sauli QCAZ16543 Ecuador 230 -- Nacional Yasuní-Estación PUCE Hyloxalus subpunctatus TNHCFS4957 Colombia Boyacá: Chiquinquira 2575 -- Ecuador: Pichincha: Unión Hyloxalus toachi QCAZ16549 Ecuador Carchi: Río Baboso near Lita 534 694 del Toachi Hyloxalus vertebralis QCAZ16553 Ecuador Azuay: El Jordán (cerca a Paguancay) 2424 -- Venezuela: Mérida: road from Mannophryne collaris TNHCFS5507 Venezuela Mérida: El Estanquillo 1120 1192 Pregonero to La Trampa Phyllobates aurotaenia TNHCFS4990 Colombia Chocó: Quibdó road to Pacuritas 50 -- Phyllobates terribilis TNHC64420 Colombia Pet Trade n.d. -- Table S4 (Cont.) Collection data, museum numbers, and altitude of localities of the specimens used in the DNA amplification and physiological measurements. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in references (1-4). Locality Altitude Other Localities Altitude Genus Species Museum Country (sequences and physiology) (m) (physiology) (m) Colombia: Cundinamarca: Las Rheobates palmatus TNHCFS4955 Colombia Boyacá: Villa de Leiva 2118 2005 Brisas Coclé: El Cope, Parque Nacional Silverstoneia flotator TNHCFS4804 Panamá General de División Omar Torrijos 782 -- Herrera Silverstoneia nubicola TNHCFS4942 Colombia Chocó: Quibdó, La Troje 50 -- Table S4 (Cont.) Metabolic measurements and mass of poison frogs. Species in Bold with a * were used in the multivariate analyses. -1 -1 Genus Species Body Mass (g) RMR (VO2 ml*h ) AMR (VO2 ml*h ) Scope Factorial Mass- N Mean s.e.m. Min Max Mean s.e.m. Min Max Mean s.e.m. Min Max Raw Scope specific Allobates femoralis* 6 1.246 0.103 0.940 1.570 0.223 0.031 0.135 0.355 1.104 0.228 0.613 2.159 0.881 0.707 4.942 Allobates insperatus* 4 0.551 0.041 0.430 0.605 0.082 0.018 0.056 0.133 0.609 0.030 0.535 0.678 0.527 0.956 7.459 Allobates juanii 2 0.685 0.085 0.600 0.770 0.147 0.064 0.083 0.211 0.766 0.008 0.758 0.774 0.619 0.904 5.219 Allobates kingsburyi 8 0.875 0.102 0.595 1.300 0.126 0.016 0.054 0.219 0.644 0.032 0.546 0.786 0.518 0.592 5.103 Allobates algorei 6 0.585 0.013 0.540 0.620 0.168 0.019 0.100 0.217 0.593 0.071 0.366 0.805 0.425 0.726 3.520 Allobates talamancae* 5 0.880 0.087 0.605 1.150 0.080 0.014 0.049 0.126 0.714 0.050 0.578 0.797 0.634 0.720 8.890 Allobates zaparo* 10 1.615 0.133 1.010 2.510 0.299 0.029 0.163 0.458 1.919 0.108 1.381 2.535 1.620 1.003 6.422 Ameerega bilinguis* 11 0.949 0.077 0.570 1.515 0.180 0.011 0.128 0.260 0.974 0.051 0.691 1.213 0.794 0.837 5.408 Ameerega hahneli* 6 0.343 0.020 0.295 0.405 0.100 0.011 0.075 0.138 0.516 0.013 0.466 0.550 0.416 1.213 5.146 Ameerega parvula* 8 1.569 0.049 1.365 1.790 0.293 0.033 0.137 0.412 1.497 0.170 0.719 2.350 1.204 0.767 5.111 Ameerega trivittata* 3 5.512 0.994 4.515 7.500 0.964 0.178 0.785 1.320 6.632 0.924 5.523 8.468 5.668 1.028 6.879 Anomaloglossus verbeeksnyderorum 11 0.808 0.051 0.610 1.140 0.202 0.022 0.094 0.372 0.730 0.068 0.456 1.119 0.528 0.653 3.607 Aromobates aff. alboguttatus 17 1.312 0.114 0.560 2.330 0.248 0.022 0.129 0.466 0.916 0.093 0.327 1.823 0.668 0.509 3.701 Aromobates saltuensis 6 1.498 0.138 1.190 1.970 0.212 0.046 0.099 0.415 1.249 0.202 0.597 2.015 1.037 0.692 5.903 Colostethus fugax 4 0.959 0.089 0.720 1.100 0.124 0.013 0.093 0.147 0.667 0.054 0.525 0.783 0.543 0.566 5.374 Colostethus panamansis* 5 0.973 0.093 0.693 1.167 0.096 0.004 0.088 0.109 1.159 0.085 0.971 1.412 1.063 1.092 12.122 Colostethus pratti* 12 0.806 0.031 0.657 0.950 0.111 0.008 0.072 0.179 1.133 0.051 0.669 1.324 1.022 1.268 10.203 Dendrobates auratus* 15 1.996 0.071 1.640 2.520 0.306 0.039 0.169 0.734 2.810 0.124 2.156 3.942 2.504 1.255 9.190 Dendrobates bombetes 8 0.528 0.036