EFFECTS OF URBAN MORPHOLOGICALTRANSFORMATION ON LEGIBILITY OF THE CITY OF DAR-ES-SALAAM-TANZANIA (Case of Kariakoo area) (RESEARCH THESIS) BY: Emmanuel John Liombo Bachelor of Architecture, Honours (UDSM) NOVEMBER, 2012 This Research Report is presented as part fulfilment for the award of Master of Architecture Degree, University of Nairobi 2011/2012 Declaration This research project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Emmanuel John Liombo B52/63481/2010 (Candidate) (Registration Number) Signed:..., ............................ This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors Arch. Erastus O. Abonvo Department of Architecture and Building Science University of Nairobi ii Dedication To My wife Edna Stephen Chitanda who always encouraged and supported me & My Parents Mr and Mrs Elia John Liomho iii Acknowledgement This thesis work has been made possible through a genuine support of many actors at institutional and individual capacities. I would, therefore, like to extend my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to the following: My Sponsor, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for granting me funding without which this Two-year master programme would not have been undertaken. I acknowledge the role of my Promoters, Arch. Dr. Peter Amalo Makachia and Arch. Erastus O. Abonyo for their tireless guidance on my work to its final shape; all staff and classmates at the Department of Architecture of University of Nairobi for their extremely valuable contribution for the knowledge I gained throughout the programme. 1 extend my grateful thanks to Dr. Ezekiel Moshi and Prof. Tom J.C. Anyamba for being ready to spear their time for consultation and even providing some materials of great importance in this study. I am greatly indebted to my friends, David Lagat, Susan Kwamboka, Magrct Njoroge, Maina Gatongi, for their valuable comments on various drafts; Mzee Anthony Mande, Ramadhan Yusuf, Magret Njoroge and The Kariakoo’s ward executive officers, Janet, Hamida Simba, Kalinjuna, Saigon Sports Club members for their assistance in data collection and preparation of architectural drawings. IV I would also like to thank Mbasa Scgclcla, Omari Shegila, Vedastus Rweyemamu and Raymond Kasonga for their moral support and intellectual contribution during my fieldwork; Mr. Fabian Kigadyc and all members (Conservators) of Antiquities department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism; Mr. Dawi Lulu and Mr. Emmanuel of Dar es Salaam City Council Town planning department; Mr.Humri, Mr.Kabusinje of Ministry of Lands for their time and making available basic materials for this work. My innermost love and gratitude goes to my sweetheart, Edna, for her patience and continuous encouragement during my busy days in Nairobi and during the fieldwork in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. I humbly recognize the spiritual contribution of the All Saints Anglican Church in Nairobi for their tireless support towards a peaceful and healthy stay in Nairobi. Above all, I thank Jesus Christ, my Savior and Lord for whom I am living. It is regrettably impossible to mention all of whom I am indebted. To them, I say thank you, “Asanteni sana”\ v ABSTRACT General concept of the study of effects of urban transformations on legibility of the city of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania is based on background of the works of Karimi (2000), Alcock et al (1985), Andrew Kelly (2003), Nomico and Sanders (2003), Lynch (1960), Klasandcr (2004), Lupala (2002), Anyamba (2006), Makachia (2010) and Moshi (2009). This study was carried out in a period of one year. In this period the study explored, literature on urban transformations, legibility and on the relationship between the urban transformations and legibility. From this literature the study deduced the following; (i) Urban transformation and legibility studies base on physical form of an urban setting (ii) Urban morphology study is an appropriate approach to studying and analyzing urban transformations that may affect legibility of a setting (iii) Legibility of an urban setting, depends much on the qualities embodied in its five elements of image, which get lost whenever the setting undergoes transformation. Further the study employed a case study method in Kariakoo area in Dar es Salaam. The main findings arc (i) Kariakoo urban setting is made up of all elements of image (ii) the elements of image of this area, undergo transformations (iii) the qualities of the elements of image of Kariakoo arc eroded thereby changing the state of its legibility. From these findings, the study concludes by saying that the transformation of elements of image of Kariakoo, results into both, strengthening of some image elements and weakening of others. Therefore the legibility of this area is vi impacted both negatively and positively, though to a greater extent negative ones are most strong. This study therefore recommends that, the government should intervene to the process of transformation taking place in Kariakoo. litis may be through its professionals to formulate control guidelines that will guide the development of this area focusing on making it legible. The study also proposes some ways that can be used to make the area legible. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.................................................................................................... Ui ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................Jv ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................i ACRONYMS..................................................................................................... xv 1. INTRODUCTION________________________________________1 1.1 Background Information..............................................................................1 1.2 Problem Statement......................................................................................4 1.3 Aim and objectives of the Study................................................................ 4 1.4 Assumption................................................................................................5 1.5 Significance of the study............................................................................. 5 1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study............................................................. 6 1.7 Organization of the Report..........................................................................6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW__________________________________.8 2.1 Urban design and form............................................................................... 8 2.2 Urban Morphological Transformations...................................................10 2.2.1 Land uses........................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Building structures.............................................................................10 2.2.3 The plot pattern..................................................................................11 2.2.1 The cadastral (street) pattern............................................................. 12 2.2.2 Transformation of other features of spatial qualities.........................13 2.3 Legibility of a cityscape and its Historical Exploration..........................14 viii 2.4 Morphological transformations and legibility of African Cities 24 2.5 Dares Salaam.............. ....27 4.0 Conceptual Framework ....32 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....33 3.0 Introduction............................................................................... ....33 3.1 Research design........................................................................ ....33 3.2 Choice and Justification of research strategy.......................... ....35 3.3 Choice and Justification of the Study Cases: Why Kariakoo?. ....37 3.4 Qualitative versus Quantitative analyses................................. ....38 3.5 Research Procedures................................................................. ....38 2.6 Research Tools......................................................................... ....39 4. STUDY AREA.. ....46 4.1 Dar es Salaam City........................................................................... ..46 4.2 Morphological Transformations in Dar es Salaam city centre ....47 4.5 Morphological Transformations in Kariakoo.......................... ....67 5. FIELDWORK RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.. ...80 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ...116 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................... .126 APPENDICES................................................................... .130 IX LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Thesis Structure.................................................................................7 Figure 2.1: Plot/burgage Cycle.........................................................................11 Figure 2.2: The street pattern of central Florence retains the layout of the original Roman settlement................................................................................. 12 Figure 2.3: Plan of Rothcnburg, Italy................................................................ 13 Figure 2.4: Idealized Layout of Mississippian Towns in the Central United States.................................................................................................................15 Figure 2.6: A