The NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA of SOUTHERN CULTURE VOLUME 23 : FOLK ART This page intentionally left blank Volumes to appear in The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture are: Agriculture and Industry Law and Politics Art and Architecture Literature Education Media Environment Music Ethnicity Myth, Manners, and Memory Folk Art Race Folklife Religion Foodways Science and Medicine Gender Social Class Geography Sports and Recreation History Urbanization Language Violence The NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA of SOUTHERN CULTURE CHARLES REAGAN WILSON General Editor JAMES G. THOMAS JR. Managing Editor ANN J. ABADIE Associate Editor VOLUME 23 Folk Art CAROL CROWN & CHERYL RIVERS Volume Editors Sponsored by THE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF SOUTHERN CULTURE at the University of Mississippi THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS Chapel Hill This book was published with the generous assistance of JOHN JERIT. The Anniversary Endowment Fund of the University of North Carolina Press provided additional support for publication of this book. © 2013 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Designed by Richard Hendel Set in Minion types by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Folk art / Carol Crown and Cheryl Rivers, volume editors. p. cm. — (The new encyclopedia of Southern culture ; v. 23) “Published with the assistance of John Jerit and of the Anniversary Endowment Fund of the University of North Carolina Press.” “Sponsored by the Center for the Study of Southern Culture at the University of Mississippi.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8078-3442-8 (alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8078-7174-4 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Folk art—Southern States—Encyclopedias. 2. Outsider art— Southern States—Encyclopedias. 3. Art, American—Southern States—Encyclopedias. 4. Architecture—Southern States— Encyclopedias. I. Crown, Carol. II. Rivers, Cheryl, 1949–. III. University of Mississippi. Center for the Study of Southern Culture. IV. Series. F209 .N47 2006 vol. 23 [NK811] 975.003 s—dc22 2012473073 The Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, sponsored by the Center for the Study of Southern Culture at the University of Mississippi, was published by the University of North Carolina Press in 1989. cloth17 16 15 14 135 4 3 2 1 paper17 16 15 14 135 4 3 2 1 Tell about the South. What’s it like there. What do they do there. Why do they live there. Why do they live at all. WILLIAM FAULKNER Absalom, Absalom! This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS General Introduction xiii Landscape Painting (16th–19th Introduction xix Centuries) 113 Landscape Painting (20th and 21st FOLK ART OF THE AMERICAN Centuries) 119 SOUTH 1 Latino Folk Art 125 Memory Jugs 131 African American Expressions 43 Memory Painting 133 African American Protective Arts Moravian Material Culture 138 50 Music and Musical Instruments 139 Art Cars 54 Outsider Art 143 Art Education 56 Photography, Vernacular 146 Baskets, Lowcountry 58 Portraiture, to 1790 149 Bottle Trees 60 Portraiture, 1790–1850 152 Cajun and Creole Folk Art 61 Pottery 157 Calligraphy and Penmanship 64 Prison Art 162 Canes 66 Quilting, African American 164 Caribbean American Folk Art 67 Quilts, General 167 Craft Revival 71 Quilts and Embroidery, 20th Century Decoys 73 172 Environments 74 Religious Ephemera 175 Eroticism 79 Roadside Art 179 Face Jugs 80 Rugs, Handsewn and Hooked 181 Festivals and Fairs 81 Schoolgirl Samplers and Fraktur 86 Embroidered Pictures 184 Fraternal Societies 89 Silhouettes 187 Furniture, Decorated and Painted Soldier Art of the Civil War 188 91 Theorem Painting 189 Furniture, Vernacular 95 Toys 191 Furniture, Vernacular, of Texas 97 Trade Signs 192 Gravestone Carving 100 Tramp Art 197 Interior Painting, Decorative 103 Visionary Art 198 Jewish Ceremonial and Decorative Weathervanes, Whirligigs, and Arts 109 Whimseys 201 Aaron, Jesse James 203 Cooper, Ronald E. and Jessie F. 247 Adkins, Minnie 204 Cornett, Chester 248 Albritton, Sarah 205 Craig, Burlon B. 250 Almon, Leroy, Sr. 206 Cromer, John James (J J) 251 Amézcua, Consuelo González Crowell, Harold 252 (Chelo) 207 Culver, John 253 Andrews, George Cleveland 209 Cunningham, Earl 254 Armstrong, Zebedee B. 210 Davis, Ulysses 255 Arning, Eddie 211 De Batz, Alexandre 256 Arnold, Edward Everard 213 Dellschau, Charles August Albert Arnold, John James Trumbull 215 256 Artists with Disabilities 215 Dennis, Herman D. 259 Ashby, Steve 217 Dering, William 260 Audubon, John James 217 Dey, John William (Uncle Jack) 261 Aust, Gottfried 219 Dial, Richard 262 Barker, Linvel 220 Dial, Thornton, Sr. 263 Bell, Solomon 221 Doyle, Sam 264 Benavides, Hector Alonzo 223 Drake, David (Dave the Potter) 266 Benson, Mozell 224 Drgac, Peter Paul 267 Bernhart, Peter 225 Dulaney, Burgess 269 Black, Calvin and Ruby 226 Earl, Ralph E. W., Jr. 270 Blizzard, Georgia 227 Edmondson, William 271 Bolden, Hawkins 228 Ehre Vater Artist 272 Bowlin, Loy Allen 229 Ellis, Milton 273 Brown, Jerry Dolyn 230 Evans, James Guy 274 Brown, William Henry 231 Evans, Minnie 276 Brown Family 232 Ezell, Nora 277 Burleson, Thomas Monroe 234 Farmer, Josephus 278 Butler, David 235 Ferdinand, Roy, Jr. 280 Byron, Archie 236 Finster, Howard 281 Calloway, Frank 237 Folk Art Society of America 283 Cartledge, William Ned 238 Freeland, Henry C. 284 Catesby, Mark 239 Fryar, Pearl 285 Christ, Rudolph 240 Frymire, Jacob 286 Clark, Henry Ray 241 Gee’s Bend 287 Cobb Family 243 Gibson, Sybil 289 Coins, Raymond Willie 244 Golding, William O. 290 Consalvos, Felipe Jesus 245 Gudgell, Henry 291 Cooke, George E. 246 Guilford Limner (Dupue) 293 Hall, Dilmus 294 Line, Marion Forgey 339 Hamblett, Theora 296 Lockett, Ronald 341 Hampton, James 297 Long, Woodie 342 Harding, Chester 298 Lucas, Charlie 343 Harris, Felix “Fox” 299 Marling, Jacob 344 Harvey, Bessie Ruth White 300 Martin, Eddie Owens (St. EOM) 345 Hawkins, William Lawrence 301 Mayfield, Helen Burkhart 347 Heltzel, Henry (Stony Creek Artist) McKillop, Edgar Alexander 348 303 McKissack, Jefferson Davis 349 Hesselius, John 304 McNellis, Laura Craig 350 Highwaymen 305 Meaders, Quillian Lanier 351 Hill, Kenny 306 Meaders Family 352 Holley, Lonnie 307 Merritt, Clyde Eugene (Gene) 353 Hoppe, Louis 308 Meucci, Antonio and Nina 354 Hudson, Julien 309 Milestone, Mark Casey 356 Hunter, Clementine 311 Milkovisch, John 356 Hussey, Billy Ray 313 Miller, Reuben Aaron (R. A.) 357 Hutson, Charles Woodward 314 Minchell (Isenberg), Peter James 358 Jaquelin- Brodnax Limner 315 Minter, Joe Wade, Sr. 359 Jeffery, Edwin, Jr. 316 Mr. Feuille 360 Jennings, James Harold 317 Mohamed, Ethel Wright 361 Jiménez, Nicario 318 Morgan, Sister Gertrude 363 Johnson, Anderson 319 Moses, Anna Mary Robertson Johnson, Joshua 320 (Grandma Moses) 365 Johnston, Daniel 321 Mulligan, Mark Anthony 367 Johnston, Henrietta 322 Murray, John Bunion (J. B.) 368 Jones, Frank 323 National Heritage Fellowships 369 Jones, Shields Landon (S. L.) 325 National Society of the Colonial Kemmelmeyer, Frederick 326 Dames of America 370 Kendrick, Eddie Lee 327 New Market, Virginia, Painted Boxes Kennedy, William W. 328 371 Kinney Family 329 Nicholson, Susannah Fauntleroy Kornegay, George 331 Quarles (Susan) 373 Kühn, Justus Engelhardt 332 Ohr, George Edgar 373 Lancaster, Paul 334 O’Kelley, Emily (Mattie Lou) 374 Landry, Pierre Joseph 335 Payne Limner 376 Leedskalnin, Edward 336 Perkins, Benjamin Franklin (B. F.) Light, Joe Louis 337 376 Limners 338 Person, Leroy 378 Pettway, Plummer T. 379 Sullivan, Patrick Joseph 423 Phillips, Samuel David 381 Swearingen, Johnnie S. 425 Pierce, Elijah 382 Taylor, Sarah Mary 426 Polhamus, Melissa 383 Theus, Jeremiah 427 Polk, Charles Peale 384 Thomas, James “Son” 428 Powers, Harriet 386 Thompson, William Thomas 430 Proctor, Mary 388 Tolliver, Mose Ernest 431 Reinhardt, Minnie Smith 388 Tolson, Edgar 433 Roberg, Robert 390 Toole, John 434 Robertson, Royal 391 Toomer, Lucinda Hodrick 436 Rodriguez, Dionicio 392 Traylor, William 436 Rogers, Sulton 393 Tripp, William Blevins (Billy) 438 Rose, John 394 Trott, Benjamin 439 Rowe, Nellie Mae 395 Tyler, Valton 441 Salazar y Mendoza, José Francisco Von Reck, Philip Georg Friedrich Xavier de 396 442 Samuel, William Giles Martin 398 Voronovsky, Jorko (George) 443 Samuels, Ossie Lee (O. L.) 399 Walker, Inez Nathaniel 444 Sanchez, Mario 400 Ward, Velox Benjamin 444 Scott, James P. (J. P.) 401 Ward Brothers 446 Scott, Lorenzo 402 Warner, Pecolia 447 Shackelford, William Stamms 403 Welfare, Christian Daniel (Christian Shakers, United Society of 404 Daniel Wohlfahrt) 448 Shaver, Samuel Moore 407 Wells, Yvonne 449 Simpson, Vollis 407 West, Myrtice Snead 451 Sims, Bernice 409 Wickham, Enoch Tanner 452 Singleton, Herbert 410 Widener, George 453 Smith, Mary Tillman 412 Williamson, Clara McDonald 454 Spelce, Fannie Lou Bennett 414 Wooldridge Monuments 455 Speller, Henry 415 Wythe County, Virginia, Chests 457 Sperger, Hugo 416 Young, Purvis 459 Spitler, Johannes 418 Zoettl, Michael (Brother Joseph) 460 Stovall, Emma Serena Dillard (Queena) 419 Index of Contributors 463 Strickler, Jacob 420 Index 465 Sudduth, Jimmy Lee 421 GENERAL INTRODUCTION In 1989 years of planning and hard work came to fruition when the University of North Carolina Press joined the Center for the Study of Southern Culture at the University of Mississippi