OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS List o f Illustrations ix Introduction: The Power of Shame i History and Its Interpretation 5 Humiliation as Strategy and Stigma 7 International Relations to Semantic Distinctions 12 People, Places, Times 15 Shame, Humility, and the History o f Emotions 16 1 Pillories and Public Beatings: State Punishments under Fire 20 Public Shaming in the Early Modem Period 21 The Pillory’s Final Days 26 Human Dignity as a Legal Argument 31 Corporal Punishment: An Affront to Dignity 33 The Social Pyramid of Shame 39 Gender 42 Civic Honour 44 Forced Publicity 47 Popular Justice 51 ‘Symbolic Pillories’ during National Socialism 54 Other Countries, Same Customs 65 Post-war Shame and Shaming 68 Civility versus Barbarism 70 CONTENTS 2 Social Sites o f Public Shaming: From the Classroom to Online Bullying 76 Schools as Laboratories of Shaming 79 Do Children Have Honour? 82 Expert Advice 84 The Pedagogical Turn 88 School Discipline in Germany, East and West 92 The Power o f Peer Groups 96 Discipline and Humiliation in the Military 104 Initiation Practices: Self-effacement and Empowerment1 1 1 Women's Dignity: Rape and Sexism 117 Trial by Media and the Pillory of Public Opinion 121 The Freedom of the Press versus the Right to Personal Honour 126 Consensual Degradation on TV 134 Online Shaming 137 3 Honour and the Language of Humiliation in International Politics 140 Lord Macartney and the Emperor of China 141 Sovereign Equality and Diplomatic Ceremony 148 The Polyvalence of Ceremonial Gestures: The Kiss on the Hand 152 From Genuflecting Reverences to Bowing 155 The British in India: Colonial Humiliation and ‘Native’ Etiquette 159 Europeans in China: Fighting against the Kowtow 162 Satisfaction and Regrets 168 The Berlin Kowtow Affair of 1901: Who Humiliates Whom? 173 Honour and Shame, War and Peace in Europe 183 Steps Small and Large in Post-war Diplomacy 189 The Politics o f Apology and Willy Brandt’s Warsaw Genuflection 192 Moral Politics 198 Close Connections 204 vi CONTENTS Conclusion: No End in Sight 206 History in Fast Motion: Public Shaming and Its Critics 207 Popular Justice and the Powers o f Society 211 Victims of Shaming: Shameless Women and Cowardly Men 213 Campaigning and Resisting 216 Liberalization 219 Bullies 222 Gestures o f Humility or Signs of Respect? 225 Power and Dignity 229 Notes 235 Bibliography 281 Illustration Credits 321 Index 323 vii.