MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL Altitude. ..........................................................................8 SURVEY. Drainage systems. .........................................................9 Publication 9. CHAPTER II. Climatic Conditions. By C. F. Schneider .10 Geological Series 7. Temperature.................................................................12 Frosts. ..........................................................................14 Precipitation..................................................................14 SURFACE GEOLOGY AND AGRICULTURAL Drought.........................................................................16 CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN PENINSULA Sunshine. .....................................................................16 OF MICHIGAN. Winds. ..........................................................................16 Relative Humidity. ........................................................16 BY FRANK LEVERETT CHAPTER III. Glacial Features. .....................................17 WITH A CHAPTER ON CLIMATE BY C. F. Features due to early stages of glaciation. ..................17 SCHNEIDER. Moraines and their outwash.........................................18 Outermost moraines in Michigan........................... 18 Kalamazoo Jackson morainic system ................... 19 Valparaiso-Charlotte morainic system................... 19 The series of slender moraines ............................. 19 Glacial drainage between the Saginaw and Michigan lobes....................................................... 20 Glacial drainage and lakes in the Huron-Erie basin ...................................................................... 20 Port Huron morainic system and Lake Whittlesey 20 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Relation of the Port Huron morainic system to Lake BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1911. Chicago.................................................................. 21 The Cheboygan moraine....................................... 22 LANSING, MICHIGAN Features between the moraines. .................................22 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS 1912 Till plains................................................................ 22 Eskers and kames ................................................. 22 BOARD OF GEOLICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. Drumlins................................................................. 23 1911. CHAPTER IV. Lake features. .........................................24 Introductory statement. ................................................24 EX OFFICIO: Lake Chicago. ..............................................................24 THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE, Outlet and beaches ............................................... 24 HON. CHASE S, OSBORN, President, Lake bed deposits ................................................. 25 THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, Tilting of the Michigan basin.................................. 25 HON. L. L. WRIGHT, Secretary. Lake Maumee...............................................................25 THE PRESIDENT OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, Outlets, beaches and delta deposits ..................... 25 HON. D. M. FEERY, JUNIOR. First Lake Saginaw.......................................................26 Lake Arkona. ................................................................26 DIRECTOR, R. C. ALLEN. Later Lake Saginaw. ....................................................26 Lake Whittlesey............................................................26 SCIENTIFIC ADVISERS. Lake Warren.................................................................27 Geologists.—Dr. L. L. Hubbard, Houghton; Prof. W. H. Hobbs, Ann Arbor; Prof. Wm. H. Sherzer, Ypsilanti. Lake Wayne. ................................................................27 Lake Elkton (Grassmere and Elkton Beaches)............27 Botanists.—Prof. E. A. Bessey, East Lansing; Prof. F. C. Newcombe, Ann Arbor. Beginnings of Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair. ................28 Lake Algonquin. ...........................................................28 Zoologists.—Prof. W. B. Barrows, East Lansing; Prof. J. Reighard, Ann Arbor, Mr. Bryant Walker, Detroit. Nipissing Great Lakes. .................................................29 CHAPTER V. Agricultural conditions..............................29 General notes on the agricultural conditions................29 CONTENTS Condition by counties (counties in alphabetical order)....33 Introduction. By R. C. Allen.............................................. 3 CHAPTER I. Physiography of the Southern Peninsula. .. 5 General geological features and geologic terms........... 5 Publication 9, Geological Series 7 – Page 1 of 44 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. B. Bronson lake, Lapeer county. A typical moraine lake. Photo by F. B. Taylor. ....................................................30 PLATES. FIGURES. Plate III. A. Boulevard Hill, north of Huron river, Ann Arbor, Fig. 1. January mean temperature, 1886 to 1911. ................11 showing morainic topography. Photo by Frank Leverett..6 Fig. 2. July mean temperature, 1886 to 1911........................11 B. Gravel in inclined beds in the outwash apron north of University dampus, Ann arbor. Photo by Frank Leverett. 7 Fig. 3. Annual mean temperature, 1886 to 1911...................13 Plate IV. A. Road on top of Mason esker three miles south of Fig. 4. Average annual precipitation, 1886 to 1911. ..............13 Holt, Ingham county, looking north. Photo by F. B. Taylor. ..............................................................................7 Fig. 5. Highest known temperatures, 1886-1911...................13 B. East end of large kame north of Waterford, Oakland county, Fig. 6. Lowest known temperatures, 1886 to 1911................13 looking south. Photo by F. B. Taylor................................7 Fig. 7. Average date of last killing frost in spring...................14 Plate VI. A. Colon Hill. A large kame or gravel hill. St. Joseph Fig. 8. Average date of first killing frost in autumn.................14 county...............................................................................8 Fig. 9. Average length of crop growing season, days............15 B. Pre-Wisconsin till overlain by Wisconsin drift, in bank of Black river, Sanilac county. Photo by F. B. Taylor...........8 Fig. 10. Counties in the various sections, viz. Northern, Central and Southern. ....................................................15 Plate VII. A. Pre-Wisconsin till. Shore of Lake Huron near Richmondville, Sanilac county. Photo by F. B. Taylor. ....8 Fig. 11. Average monthly precipitation by sections. ..............15 B. Closer view of Pre-Wisconsin till on the shore of Lake Fig. 12. Monthly mean temperature, Northern section. .........15 Huron, near Richmondville, Sanilac county. Photo by F. Fig. 13. Monthly mean temperature, Central section.............15 B. Taylor. ..........................................................................8 Fig. 14. Monthly mean temperature, Southern section..........16 Plate VIII. A. Looking south across Imlay outlet, near Deanville, Lapeer county. Photo by F. B. Taylor. ...........22 Fig. 15. Per cent of land area in farms, 1910 .........................31 B. Pre-Wisconsin till below Wisconsin drift above, separated Fig. 16. Average value of farm land per acre, 1910. .............32 by old soil zone shown in dark band, Sanilac county. Photo by F. B. Taylor......................................................23 Plate IX. A. Beach of Lake Warren from lakeward side. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Buildings stand on the beach. One mile north of Charleston, Sanilac county. Photo by F. B. Taylor. .......23 To the Honorable the Board of Geological and Biological Survey of the State of Michigan: B. Highest beach on short target range, Mackinac Island. Photo by J. W. Goldthwait. .............................................23 Gov. Chase S. Osborn, President. Hon. D. M. Ferry, Jr., Vice-President. Plate X. Mackinac Island from Round Island spit, one mile Hon. L. L. Wright, Secretary. north. The hump in the middle of the ancient island in Lake Algonquin and its base marks the Algonquin beach. Gentlemen:—I beg to present herewith for printing as The fort is about at the level of the Battlefield beach. The part of the report of the Board of Geological and village is on the Nipissing beach and the slope below it. Biological Survey for 1911, Publication 9, Geological Base of overhanging cliff on the right marks level of this Series 7, a report by Mr. Frank Leverett on Surface beach. Photo by F. B. Taylor. ........................................23 Geology and Agricultural Conditions, of the Southern Plate XI. Ridge on Battlefield beach on Mackinac Island Peninsula of Michigan, with a chapter on climate by C. F. battlefield. Rear view looking north. Photo by H. J. Schneider. Rossiter. .........................................................................23 Very respectfully, Plate XII. Front view of Algonquin beach in Petoskey, west of R. C. ALLEN, Bear creek. The two houses in the middle of the view are on the ridge. Photo by F. B. Taylor................................30 Director. Plate XIII. Wave cut terrace and bluff. Algonquin beach west of Black river, Alcona county. Photo by F. B. Taylor......30 Plate XIV. Algonquin and Nipissing terraces where the stream entered these predecessors of Lake Huron near Forestville, Sanilac county. Two trees in the middle foreground are on the nipissing fluvial plain, while the higher terrace