TemaNord 2015:533 TemaNord 2015:533 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Polar Law and Resources Polar Law and Resources Current Polar law developments indicate that both the Arctic and the Antarctica will continue to be the focus of growing scientific, international, political, media and public discourse for the foreseeable future. The regulation of resources and associated issues form one of the key areas of Polar law and will thus continue to constitute the crux of legal, geopolitical, socio-economic, and environmental developments. An overview of Polar law questions and topical developments was provided in the pioneering 2010 Polar Law Textbook and in the 2013 Polar Law Textbook II both of which covered a number of topics relevant to the Polar resources debate. Building on this work, this new volume focuses on topical issues of law and resource development in the Polar Regions and covers topics of current and emergent resource-related issues mainly from a legal and political perspective. TemaNord 2015:533 ISBN 978-92-893-4081-6 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4083-0 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4082-3 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 Natalia Loukacheva ed. TN2015533 omslag.indd 1 13-04-2015 09:10:14 In Memory of Dr. Kári á Rógvi Polar Law and Resources Natalia Loukacheva (editor) TemaNord 2015:533 Polar Law and Resources Natalia Loukacheva (editor) ISBN 978‐92‐893‐4081‐6 (PRINT) ISBN 978‐92‐893‐4083‐0 (PDF) ISBN 978‐92‐893‐4082‐3 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2015‐533 TemaNord 2015:533 ISSN 0908‐6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Signelements; Ojo Images; ImageSelection Print: Rosendahls‐Schultz Grafisk Copies: 74 Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom‐ mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/en/publications Nordic co‐operation Nordic co‐operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co‐operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co‐operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK‐1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Contents Biographies ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Summary......................................................................................................................................... 15 1. Resource Developments and Polar Law Natalia Loukacheva ............................................................................................................. 17 1.1 Settings ....................................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Polar Regions and Resource Developments.................................................. 19 1.3 Main Approaches and Key Questions .............................................................. 24 1.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 34 1.5 Further reading ....................................................................................................... 35 1.6 Questions ................................................................................................................... 35 2. Antarctic Resources – Topical Issues Julia Jabour ............................................................................................................................. 37 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 37 2.2 Biological Resources .............................................................................................. 39 2.3 Scientific Resources ............................................................................................... 42 2.4 Inspirational Resources ........................................................................................ 44 2.5 Emerging Resource Issues ................................................................................... 45 2.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 46 2.7 Notes............................................................................................................................ 47 2.8 Further reading and references ......................................................................... 49 2.9 Questions ................................................................................................................... 50 3. Climate Change in the Polar Regions Jan-Gunnar Winther ............................................................................................................. 51 3.1 Today’s Climate Situation .................................................................................... 51 3.2 Some Implications of Climate Change for Resource Development ....... 57 3.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 58 3.4 References and further reading ......................................................................... 61 3.5 Questions ................................................................................................................... 62 4. Sámi Rights to Natural Resources and Lands in Norway Øyvind Ravna.......................................................................................................................... 63 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 63 4.2 Identification and Recognition of Land-based Renewable Resources................................................................................................................... 67 4.3 The Protection of Lands and the Operation of Extractive Industries ...... 70 4.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 74 4.5 References ................................................................................................................. 75 4.6 Questions ................................................................................................................... 77 5. International Law on Arctic Fisheries Erik J. Molenaar ......................................................................................................................79 5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................79 5.2 The Global Component of International Fisheries Law .............................82 5.3 Arctic Fisheries Instruments and Bodies ........................................................84 5.4 Towards a Regional Instrument on Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries......................................................................................................................86 5.5 Conclusions and Looking Ahead ........................................................................88 5.6 Notes ............................................................................................................................89 5.7 References ..................................................................................................................89 5.8 Questions ....................................................................................................................90 6. Marine Governance, Fishing and Property Rights in Light of the Constitutional Debate in Iceland Níels Einarsson .......................................................................................................................91 6.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................91 6.2 The Tricky Problem of the Proposed Clause 34 on National Ownership of Natural Resources .......................................................................94 6.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................97 6.4 Further reading ........................................................................................................98 6.5 Questions ....................................................................................................................98 7. International Law and Whaling in the Arctic Malgosia Fitzmaurice ...........................................................................................................99 7.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................99 7.2 The Legal Framework of the Regulation of Whaling in the Arctic ...... 103 7.3 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................