Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2016 High-Temperature, High-Pressure Viscosities and Densities of Toluene Aaron J. Rowane Virginia Commonwealth University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Petroleum Engineering Commons, Thermodynamics Commons, and the Transport Phenomena Commons © The Author Downloaded from http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4188 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. High-Temperature, High-Pressure Viscosities and Densities of Toluene A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. by Aaron James Rowane Masters of Science Virginia Commonwealth University Director: Dr. Bernard F. Gupton and Dr. Mark A. McHugh Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May, 2016 Acknowledgment I thank Professor Mark A. McHugh for his guidance throughout my undergraduate and graduate education. Dr. McHugh’s guidance has truly been a significant factor in my growing love for the field of chemical engineering. Lastly, I would like to note that Dr. McHugh has never failed to keep me entertained and inspired through his lectures. It has been a pleasure working with Dr. McHugh. I would also like to thank Dr. Reddy Mallepally for working closely with me and teaching me how to perform high-pressure experiments. I appreciate Dr. Mallepally’s guidance as it has been an integral part of my development as a researcher. In addition, I thank Dr. Babatunde Bamgbade for always lending a helping hand and offering me additional advice from his previous experiences. A special thanks goes out to Professor Bernard F. Gupton for serving as my advisor which allowed me to work in Dr. McHugh’s lab. I would also like to thank Professor Christina Tang and Professor Everett Carpenter for serving on my committee. Lastly, I would like to thank my Parents, Paul and Carol Rowane, my siblings, Paul and Ruthanne Rowane, and the rest of my family for their support throughout my education. A special thanks goes out to my friend Yujin Lee for her support, friendship, and for serving as my audience as I prepared for my defense. ii Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vi Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Experimental Apparatus and Methods ..................................................................... 4 2.1. Materials ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Rolling–Ball Viscometer/Densimeter ........................................................................... 4 2.3 Internal Volume Calibration ......................................................................................... 6 2.4 Viscosity Calibration .................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 3 Toluene Study ........................................................................................................ 15 3.1 Materials ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Toluene density ........................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Toluene viscosity ........................................................................................................ 18 3.3.1 Tait Equation ................................................................................................ 27 3.3.2 Harris Correlation ........................................................................................ 36 3.3.3 Free Volume Theory .................................................................................... 39 iii 3.3.4 Superposition of viscosity data and insight to intermolecular forces .......... 46 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Future Studies ............................................................................. 49 List of References ................................................................................................................... 52 Vita .......................................................................................................................................... 61 iv List of Tables Table 1. Calibration constant, K, Reynolds number, Re, and Resistance Factor, f, for the decane viscosity data used to calibrate the RBVD. ...................................................................... 10 Table 2. Toluene density, ρ, obtained in this study at temperatures of 347.4, 451.9, and 534.9 K. ........................................................................................................................................... 16 Table 3. Toluene viscosity data obtained in this study at 295.9, 323.5, 347.4, 392.5, 421.5, 451.9, 500.3, and 534.9 K. ........................................................................................................... 19 Table 4. Average absolute deviation (AAD), standard deviation (SD), maximum deviation (Dmax), and bias for each smoothed curve fit to experimental viscosity isotherms. ..................... 26 Table 5. Optimized parameters for each set of isothermal viscosity data fit to Equation 5. ........ 28 Table 6. Parameters obtained for the re-optimized fit of Equations 5 through 8 to experimental viscosities in two temperature ranges. .............................................................................. 30 Table 7. Comparison of toluene literature viscosities and viscosities from this study calculated with Equation 8 using the best fit parameters from Table 5. ............................................ 33 Table 8. Parameters obtained for the application of the viscosity correlation, shown in Equation 9, fit to two density ranges. The viscosity data are obtained at temperatures from 296 to 535 K and pressure to ~300 MPa. ..................................................................................... 37 Table 9. FVT model parameters L, α, and B for toluene obtained from fitting viscosity data obtained in this study from 296 to 535 K and pressures to ~ 300 MPa. Toluene densities are obtained from NIST 36 or are calculated with the PC-SAFT equation using pure component parameters obtained from fitting toluene vapor pressure data 30 (Low-P) or from fitting density data at high-temperatures and high-pressures 48 (HTHP). Listed also are the average absolute deviation, AAD, standard deviation, SD, and maximum deviation, Dmax obtained using the different sources for density. ..................................... 40 Table 10. Comparison of the average absolute deviation, AAD, standard deviation, SD, and maximum deviation, Dmax, for viscosities from 296 to 535 K. The two sets of FVT L, α, and B parameters reported by Burgess et al.47 are used with the PC-SAFT equation with both Low-P and HTHP pure component parameters ........................................................ 41 Table 11. Values for coefficients in Equations 13 and 14. ........................................................... 43 Table 12. Average absolute deviation, AAD, standard deviation, SD, and maximum deviation, Dmax, obtained with temperature-dependent, FVT parameters and with density data reported by NIST.36 L is a constant value of 0.6723. ........................................................ 44 Table 13. Coefficients for equation 19, as second order polynomial relationship between the γ experimental viscosity, ηexp and 1000/TV . ....................................................................... 47 v List of Figures Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the rolling–ball viscometer/densimeter used in this study. T1 and T2 are thermocouples. ......................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2. Relationship between the internal cell volume, V and the transducer reading. Calibration is done with octane at 347, 452, and 535 K and 67 pressures from 14 to 195 MPa. .................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3. Viscosity calibration with decane. The relationship between the calibration constant, K and pressure, p at - 373.1 K, - 422.7 K, - 470.5 K, and - 522.7 K. The data here is for WP, Ball rolling from window to piston, and PW, the ball rolling from piston to window............................................................................................................................ 8 Figure 4. Relationship between the resistance factor, f and the Reynolds number, Re. - 319.9 K, - 340.7 K, - 373.1 K, - 422.7, - 470.5 K, and ⊿ - 522.7 K.......................