Proceedings: Conference on Mango in Hawaii March 9-11, 1993 Campus Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa PREFACE The Conference on Mango in Hawaii was sponsored by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii at Manoa, with partial support from the Cooperative State Research Service. Although the 1991 farm value for mango sales reported by the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service was only $46,000, mango is one of the most widely grown fruit trees in home gardens. Quarantine regulations prevent the export of mango fruit to the U.S. mainland. However, the fact is little known that mangos are being exported from Hawaii to Canada and Europe, and that Mexican mangos are imported to the Honolulu market via California. Because of the mango's popularity and potential, it is regarded as an important component of Hawaii's specialty fruits industry and merits attention for further development. This conference was organized to discuss a wide and comprehensive range of subjects related to mango. The only other meeting of this nature in Hawaii, the First Territorial Mango Forum, was held on Maui on July 1-2, 1955. The speakers were chosen from CTAHR, state and federal agencies, and the industry itself for their specialized knowledge in the various areas revelant to mangos in Hawaii. We were fortunate to have the resources to invite Dr. Tom Davenport from the University of Florida's Tropical Research and Education Center at Homestead. His willingness to share his expertise, especially in the area of mango flowering manipulation, was very helpful. We were also fortunate to have several CTAHR retirees, Dr. Richard A. Hamilton, Dr. Wallace C. Mitchell, and Mr. Warren Yee, who agreed to share their knowledge. Editors: C. L. Chia Extension Specialist in Horticulture D. O. Evans Research Associate Department of Horticulture College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa Cover photo courtesy of the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Market Development Branch; Kyle Rothenborg, photographer. - 1 - CONFERENCE ON MANGO IN HAWAII Sponsored by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa Venue: Campus Center (Rooms 306-307) University of Hawaii at Manoa PROGRAM Tuesday, March 9 8:15 - 8:55 Registration at door 9:00 - 9:15 Welcoming Remarks Dr. N. P. Kefford, Dean, CTAHR 9:15 - 9:45 Highlights of the 4th International Mango Symposium (Florida) Dr. Tom Davenport, Univ. of Florida 9:45 - 10:15 Coffee break PEST CONTROL 10:15 - 10:45 Fruit Flies and Mango Seed Weevil in Relation to Quarantine Dr. Wallace Mitchell, Dept. of Entomology, CTAHR 10:45 - 11: 15 Research on Disinfestation Procedures for Mango Insects Dr. John Armstrong, USDA - ARS, Hilo 11:15 - 11:45 Irradiating Mangos? Dr. James May, Dept. of Food Science & Human Nutrition, CTAHR 11:45 - 1:15 Lunch break 1:15 - 1:45 Mango Blossom Midge Larry Nakahara, Plant Quarantine Branch, Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture 1:45 - 2:15 Mango Diseases and their Control Dr. Wayne Nishijima, Dept. of Plant Pathology, CTAHR 2:15 - 2:45 Pesticides Registered for Mango Dr. Mike Kawate, Dept. of Environmental Biochemistry, CTAHR 2:45 - 3:15 Coffee break CULTIVARS & PROPAGATION 3:15 - 3:45 Mango Cultivars Dr. Richard Hamilton, Dept. of Horticulture, CTAHR 3:45 - 4:15 Propagation Practices for a Commercial Nursery Frank Sekiya, Frankie's Nursery, Waimanalo -ru- Wednesday, March 10 POSTHARVEST 8:30 - 9:00 Postharvest Physiology of Mango Fruit Dr. Robert Paull, Dept. of Plant Molecular Physiology, CTAHR 9:00 - 9:30 Determining Internal Quality of Mango Fruits Dr. W. K Nip, Dept. of Food Science & Human Nutrition, CTAHR 9:30 - 10:00 Coffee break 10:00 - 10:30 Sensory Quality of Mango Fruits Cathy Cavaletto, Dept. of Horticulture, CTAHR 10:30 - 11:00 Mango Processing Dr. Harvey Chan, USDA - ARS, Hilo PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 11:00 - 11:30 Floral Manipulation in Mangos Dr. Tom Davenport, Univ. of Florida 11:30 - 1:00 Lunch break 1:00 - 1:30 Use of Potassium Nitrate on Mango Flowering Dr. Mike Nagao, HITAHR - Hawaii County 1:30 - 2:00 Growing Mangos Under Hydroponic Conditions Dr. Tung Liang, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, CTAHR 2:00 - 2:30 Determination of Leaf Age Dr. Samuel Sun, Dept. of Plant Molecular Physiology, CTAHR 2:30 - 3:00 Coffee break COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION 3:00 - 3:30 A Small Grower's Perspective Warren Yee, Waianae 3:30 - 4:00 A New Corporate Grower's Perspective Steve Kai, Kau Agribusiness, Pahala Thursday, March 11 TRADE, ECONOMICS & MARKETING 8:30 - 9:00 Mango Industry in the Americas Dr. Tom Davenport, Univ. of Florida 9:00 - 9:30 Mango Market Statistics Dr. Stuart Nakamoto, Dept. of Agric. & Resource Economics, CTAHR 9:30 - 10:00 Coffee break 10:00 - 10:30 Hawaii Grading Standards for Mangos Sam Camp and Isabelo Palalay, Commodities Branch, Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture 10:30 - 12:30 Marketing Panel Moderator: Dr. John Halloran, Dept. of Agricultural & Resource Economics, CTAHR Panelists: Marketing IVlangos in Hawaii Ronald Yamauchi, Yamauchi Produce, Honolulu Promoting Hawaii Mangos Janet Leister, Market Development Branch, Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture Exporting Mangos to Canada Sam Hugh, Ham Produce & Seafood, Honolulu Exporting Mangos to Europe Michael Kohn, Equipment Team Hawaii, Kaneohe Market Niches for Mango Products Dr. Aurora Hodgson, Dept. of Food Science & Human Nutrition, CTAHR Lunches on your own. Campus Center Cafeteria rooms 203 D & E are reserved for our group. The College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa is an equal opportunity, affirmative action institution -v- .'! f TABLE OF CONTENTS Highlights of the 4th International Mango Symposium Tom Davenport ..................................................................................................................... 1 Fruit Flies and Mango Seed Weevil in Relation to Quarantine Wallace C. Mitchell .............................................................................................................. 5 Research on Quarantine Disinfestation of Mangos John W. Armstrong ............................................................................................................. 10 Irradiating Mango? James H. Moy ...................................................................................................................... 13 Mango Blossom Midge Larry M. Nakahara ............................................................................................................. 16 Mango Diseases and Their Control Wayne Nishijima ................................................................................................................. 20 Pesticides Registered for Mango Mike Kawate ........................................................................................................................ 25 Origin and Classification of Mango Cultivars in Hawaii R. A. Hamilton .................................................................................................................... 28 Mango Propagation Practices in a Commercial Nursery Frank Sekiya ........................................................................................................................ 34 Postharvest Physiology of Mango Fruit Robert E. Paull .................................................................................................................... 36 Determining Internal Quality of Mango Fruit Wai-Kit Nip .......................................................................................................................... 41 Sensory Quality of Mango Fruit Catherine G. Cavaletto ...................................................................................................... 48 Mango Processing Harvey T. Chan, Jr .............................................................................................................. 51 Floral Manipulation in Mangos Tom Davenport ................................................................................................................... 54 Use of Potassium Nitrate on Mango Flowering Mike A. Nagao And Melvin S. Nishina ........................................................................... 61 Engineering a Hydroponic System for Growing Mango Trees T. Liang, D. Paquin, K. Wang, and M. Akram Khan .................................................... 67 A Molecular Marker System to Determine Mango Leaf Age Samuel S. M. Sun, Xiaohui Zhou, Lynn Godfrey, and Tung Liang ........................... 71 Growing Mangos in Hawaii: A Small Orchard Grower's Perspective Warren Y ee.......................................................................................................................... 73 Growing Mangos in Hawaii: A Corporate Grower's Perspective Steve Kai. .............................................................................................................................. 75 The Mango Industry in the Americas Tom Davenport ................................................................................................................... 76 - vi- Market Statistics for Mango Stuart Nakamoto ................................................................................................................. 80 Hawaii Grading Standards for Mangos Samuel Camp and Isabelo Palalay ................................................................................... 84 Marketing Mangos in Hawaii Ronald Yamauchi ............................................................................................................... 96 Government