Mapping the border inLand ports Passenger Vehicle Lane [THE NAFTA SUPERHIGHWAy] These drawings, diagrams and maps on these panels The proposed North American Supercorridor” extends are the glossary and grammar of the border-text. They Truck Lane from the port of Lázaro Cárdenas in Mexico, through Kansas City, Missouri, and up to the Canadian border illustrate the linear and nodal, technological and natural, north of Duluth, Minnesota. High Speed Rail 86 systemic and political elements that comprise and define The North American Supercorridor, or NAFTA the idiosyncratic cultural landscape of the borderland. The Superhighway, would enable goods from Asia and the Far East to enter North America through the Mexicans timeline outlines the cyclical call and response of political Freight Train ports such as Lázaro Cárdenas. The plan’s backers: gestures and subsequent materialization in the form of transportation and logistics brokers, retailers, and manufacturers, argue that the NAFTA Superhighway fences and diversions, controls and permissions. The two would reduce strain on union-controlled transportation maps depict the unusual and exemplary regional and facilities at American ports. urban conditions of the borderlands. Finally, the landscape Customs protocols include pre-screening of shipments at departure ports in Asia to clear Mexican customs sections illustrate the several current manifestations of the in Lázaro Cárdenas. Once at the port of arrival, physical border, from the exclusionary and militarized to 15 shipments would pass through multiple X-ray and gamma ray scans before being loaded onto trucks and the subversive and atmospheric. rail for transportation to the “inland port” of Kansas 80 City. Truck locations would be monitored using the DENVER Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and GPS from the border to the Kansas City’s inlandKANSAS “Smartport.” CITY, MO Further distribution would then occur in Kansas City. Aside from reducing the flow of goods through LA and Long Beach, shipments along the NAFTA superhighway would not have to stop or be transferred at the border, RICHMOND 70 thus dramatically delays due to border bottlenecks. American environmental groups, Longshoremen, SAN FRANCISCO Stevedores and Teamsters allSANTA oppose FE TRAIL plans for this OAKLAND infrastructural realignment. SANTA FE TRAIL LAS VEGAS SANTA FE OKLAHOMA CITY 40 5 ALBUQUERQUE LOS ANGELES 17 LONG BEACH REAL CAMINO EL 44 PHOENIX 27 DALLAS OTAY MESA YUMA 25 + + CALEXICO ALGODONES FORT WORTH SAN DIEGO + + 8 TECATE + SAN LUIS TIJUANA MEXICALI 35 RÍO COLORADO COLUMBUS EL PASO +LUKEVILLE + + + SANTA TERESA 20 NOGALES SONOITA + NACO JUÁREZ + + border poLiCY +SASABE DOUGLAS LAS PALOMAS [EFFECTS ON MIGRATION] AGUA PRIETA 10 In the early 1900s three quarters of the immigration from Mexico to the United States occurred through ENSENADA points along the border in California. In the following decades increased border security and a series of US funded operations resulted in shifting immigration 15 +DEL RIO patterns. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)established the border between El Paso and + PRESIDIO SAN ANTONIO Juárez as the primary point of entry for immigration. HOUSTON In 1993 Operation Hold the Line was put into effect CIUDAD ACUNA TEXAS CITY to control and deter the amount of illegal immigrants crossing the border. The Operation was able to MANUEL OJINAGA decrease the amount of immigration through El Paso EAGLE PASS by 75%. Following the apparent success of Operation + 45 PIEDRAS NEGRAS Hold the Line, Operation Gatekeeper was put in 35 effect at the border between San Diego and Tijuana. Enforcement at the border shifts immigration to the more remote and desert regions of Arizona. The harsh conditions of the desert resulted in numerous deaths + LAREDO of immigrants, especially those on foot. Members of GUAYMAS NUEVO LAREDO CORPUS CHRISTI Humane Borders, a humanitarian aid organization have installed water stations on key migration routes and published maps in Mexico showing precise locations of migrant deaths. McALLEN NUEVO CIUDAD GUERRO ROMA + LOS EBANOS + PHARR The effects of policy and regulations at the border are RIO GRANDE CITY + CAMARGO PROGRESSO not isolated to the movement of human populations. + + LOS INDIOS The resulting ecological impacts have altered the MIGUEL ALEMAN REYNOSA movement of animal populations and have contributed + BROWNSVILLE to a transformation of the border landscape. MONTERREY MATMOROS Construction of the border fence threatens populations, which need large tracts of land for their survival, such as jaguars, wolves and owls. In addition, the biodiversity EL CAMINO REAL in Mexico is in a state of decline due to the depletion of aquifers, channelization of the Rio Grande and LA PAZ increased agricultural and commercial development. 40 huMane borders Founded in June 2000 with the intent “to create a humane and just border environment”. The organization works to provide humanitarian assistance to those risking their lives and safety crossing the border. Their goals include reducing migrant deaths, CABO SAN LUCAS changing U.S. policy to return migration safely through ALTAMIRA ports of entry, helping to provide legal status to undocumented workers already in the US, providing legal work opportunities in the US for migrants, and providing economic relief for US agencies engaged in desert passages TAMPICO helping migrants. (www.humaneborders.org) [THE SANTA FE TRAIL] The Santa Fe Trail served as a military and commercial highway connecting New Mexico and Missouri through the GUADALAJARA late 19th century. The trail was used by the US during the Mexican American War, and later during early settlement and development in the southwest. In 1880 the railroad replaced the trail as a major transportation corridor. PUERTO VALLARTA [EL CAMINO REAL] Interior US Border Patrol Checkpoint This trail runs from Mexico City and the port city of Veracruz to Santa Fe, a distance of over 1,500 miles. For 300 years, + US Border Crossings El Camino Real was the only road into New Mexico and the Southwest, bringing thousands of settlers from Mexico and VERACRUZ Major Ports Spain into the region. Traffic along El Camino Real began MANZANILLO MEXICO CITY to wane in the mid-1880s with the arrival of the railroad. USBP Rescue Stations Interstate highways I-10 and I-25, from El Paso to Santa Fe, Humane Borders Water Stations is today’s El Camino Real, closely following the route of the historic trail - except between Las Cruces and Socorro, I-25 Rio Grande Watershed follows the Rio Grande, rather than the 90-mile waterless Port of Entry Commercial Zone shortcut through the Jornada del Muerto. LÁZARO CÁRDENAS TPI REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION TPI Composites, Inc VIEN TEK DISTRIBUTION Newton, Iowa [Manufacturing] Blade type and distribution 2003-2008 Klondike III Wind Farm TPI Composites, Inc Warren, Rhode Island Combine Hills, Oregon Mid America, Iowa [Development and Manufacturing] PPM Flagship, Oregon Foote Creek TPI Composites, Inc Rim Wind Farm Springfield, Ohio [Manufacturing] Buena Vista Wind Farm Argonne Mesa Wind Farm Mojave Wind Farm Brazos Wind Farm Cedar Creek, Colorado San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm Bull Creek Wind Farm Oasis, California Inadale Wind Farm Buena Vista, California PPM-Dillon, California TPI Composites, Inc Roscoe Wind Farm Scottsdale, AZ Aragonne Mesa, NM San Juan Mesa, NM VienTek Mexico Gulf Wind Farm Ciudad Juárez Peñascal Wind Farm Sweet Water, TX Mitsubishi Power Systems, Inc Edison Goat Mountain, TX Manufactures wind turbines Brazos, TX TPI Composites, Inc VienTek Mexico Taicang China [Manufacturing] Headquarters TPI Facilities Soya, Japan VienTek Facilities Kamaishi, Japan Wind farms with TPI and MPS equipment MAPS 10_3.indd 1 10/4/09 6:53 PM Juárez/eL paso: TO ALBUQUERQUE BORDER METROPOLIS 10 Juárez/el paso is a double city, an interdependent, isolated metropolis. the two cities form singular bridge or transfer point in the system of the borderlands. This place of passage is inscribed in the historical PASSENGER VEHICLES COMMERCIAL TRUCKS identity of the two cities. El Paso, originally named El AND DAILY COMMUTERS 3 bridge of the aMeriCas 4 zaragoza bridge Paso del Norte is the site of a pass to the North through PRODUCE FROM US FARMS the geographic boundary of the Franklin Mountains. The Bridge of the Americas was built in CONNECTION TO I-10 AND political demarcation of the border overlays the natural THE BORDER HIGHWAY The Zaragoza Bridge is used 1998 and remains the only toll free boundaries of river and mountains, sometimes conforming for much of the commercial to them, sometimes cutting across the landscape in straight AMERICAN CUSTOMS/LOAD crossing between Juárez/El Paso. The trucking traffic over the border [TEXAS] TRANSFER TO AMERICAN crossing consists of a four bridges; at Juárez/El Paso. There surveyor’s lines, heedless of geography. TRUCKING COMPANIES two for northbound and southbound ZARAGOZA BRIDGE: are many manufacturers in At the scale of the city the border expands from a line, commercial trucks, and two for FRANKLIN CANAL PASSENGER [TEXAS] the immediate area off of realized as an intricately layered infrastructural system that northbound and southbound passenger VEHICLES the bridge and there is easy parses the double city. In addition to the fences, barriers, BRIDGE OF THE AMERICAS: CUSTOMS vehicles. It receives more than half the FRANKLIN CANAL access to the border highway, surveillance systems and control points that explicitly control AND BORDER PATROL traffic crossing the international