KOSOVO Public Disclosure Authorized COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS JANUARY 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK Cost Assessment of Environmental Degradation, Institutional Review, and Public Environmental Expenditure Review 75029-XK KOSOVO COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Cost Assessment of Environmental Degradation, Institutional Review, and Public Environmental Expenditure Review JANUARY 2013 World Bank Printed on 70% recycled paper 75029-XK THE WORLD BANK • 3 KOSOVO • Country EnvironmEntal analysis Design by: Table of contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Executive summary ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................................................14 Background ..........................................................................................................................................................................................14 Kosovo Environmental Strategy and National Environmental Action Plan .................................................................................14 Cost assessment of environmental degradation ............................................................................................................................15 2. AIR POLLUTION AND LEAD CONTAMINATION ....................................................................................................................................17 HEALTH IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ..............................................................................................................................................19 step 1: monitoring data on air pollutants .................................................................................................................................19 step 2: Determining the population exposed ...........................................................................................................................20 step 3: assessing health impacts from exposure using epidemiological data .....................................................................20 step 4: Physical health impacts .................................................................................................................................................21 step 5: monetary effects of health impacts ..............................................................................................................................24 Lead contamination ............................................................................................................................................................................25 Climate change ....................................................................................................................................................................................26 Estimates of mitigation costs ...........................................................................................................................................................27 Power ...................................................................................................................................................................................................27 Other industries ..................................................................................................................................................................................27 Transport .............................................................................................................................................................................................28 Domestic fuel consumption ...............................................................................................................................................................28 Lead ......................................................................................................................................................................................................29 Energy efficiency measures ...............................................................................................................................................................29 3. WATER .....................................................................................................................................................................................................30 Water quality monitoring and water pollution ................................................................................................................................30 Environmental impacts from agricultural water pollution ............................................................................................................32 Health impacts from contamination of water sources ..................................................................................................................32 Diarrhea: mortality (under-five children) ...................................................................................................................................32 Diarrhea: morbidity (under-five children) ..................................................................................................................................33 Diarrhea: morbidity (people ages 5 and older) ..........................................................................................................................33 Cost of diarrhea ...................................................................................................................................................................................33 Heavy metal pollution ........................................................................................................................................................................34 Estimates of mitigation costs ...........................................................................................................................................................35 Sanitation.............................................................................................................................................................................................35 Industrial wastewater treatment .....................................................................................................................................................36 Policy recommendation applicable to water sector ........................................................................................................................36 4. SOLID WASTE ..........................................................................................................................................................................................37 Municipal solid waste and other waste in landfills ........................................................................................................................37 Collection rates ....................................................................................................................................................................................38 Emissions to air from regulated landfills, illegal dumps, and backyard burning .........................................................................38 Leachate from landfills ......................................................................................................................................................................40 Impact of waste dumping on property values .................................................................................................................................41 Coal ash ................................................................................................................................................................................................41 Estimates of mitigation costs ...........................................................................................................................................................42 Domestic waste management ..........................................................................................................................................................42 Industrial waste management ..........................................................................................................................................................42 Policy recommendation applicable to waste sector .......................................................................................................................43 5. FOREST AND LAND RESOURCES ..........................................................................................................................................................44 Potential economic importance ........................................................................................................................................................44 Forest degradation and deforestation .............................................................................................................................................45