Morphological, Behavioral and Electrophoretic Evidence of Hybridization between the Lizards, Anolis grahami and Anolis lineatopus neckeri, on Jamaica Author(s): Thomas A. Jenssen Reviewed work(s): Source: Copeia, Vol. 1977, No. 2 (May 25, 1977), pp. 270-276 Published by: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1443908 . Accessed: 13/01/2012 15:20 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Copeia. http://www.jstor.org Morphological, Behavioral and Electrophoretic Evidence of Hybridization Between the Lizards, Anolis grahami and Anolis lineatopus neckeri, on Jamaica THOMAS A. JENSSEN An adult male hybrid resulting from a cross between Anolis grahami and Anolis lineatopus neckeri was discovered in Mandeville, Jamaica. Twenty-two diagnostic characters which differentiate the parental species were used to confirm and examine the results of hybridization. These in- cluded scalation, body proportion, body color, non-display behavior, display behavior and biochemical characters. Though many of the hybrid's features were intermediate to parental characteristics, some strongly reflected the characteristics of just one parent. This was par- ticularly true of the behavior in which the hybrid was quite grahami-like. However, when placed in social situations with a male of one or the other parental species, there was none of the agonistic behavior usually associated with male-male intraspecific interactions; the hybrid did not react as if it were a member of either parental species. Also included are the first descriptions of the signature displays for A. grahami and A. 1. neckeri. ECENTLY there have been reports of hy- METHODS bridization between various lizard taxa Morphological, behavioral and electrophoretic 1969; Gorman and Atkins, 1968; Gor- (Gorman, comparisons were used to confirm and in most man et al., 1971; Gorman and 1975; Hall Yang, instances describe the degree of shared char- and Selander, 1973; Jackson, These in- 1973). acteristics between the hybrid (Harvard Uni- stances of hybridization occur within contact Museum of zones between or where versity, Comparative Zoology, speci- parapatric populations men MCZ R-129321) and its parental species. introduction by man has brought two previously Morphology.-Underwood and Williams (1959) separated species together. The present report, have described the diagnostic morphological however, describes a hybrid produced from par- characteristics which A. ents of On 8 distinguish grahami two sympatric species. July 1971, from A. 1. neckeri. I followed their lead when in I collected an adult Mandeville, Jamaica, the scalation, anatomical male were Anolis and choosing proportion whose parents grahami and coloration characters used for describ- Anolis be- body lineatopus neckeri. Hybridization the of the to its tween of the seven anoline on ing relationship hybrid parents. any species For meristic characters some was unknown. showing variability Jamaica previously in number, counts were made from five adult Though sympatric, A. 1. neckeri and A. gra- male specimens of each parental species (all hami do not necessarily have the same micro- Mandeville-collected); these data are given as distributions; A. I. neckeri is shade-loving (Un- mean ? standard error of the mean and range. derwood and Williams, 1959) and A. grahami and The relative dewlap size was determined by frequents sunny, open perches (Schoener motion of the three Schoener, 1971). However, the once-extensive selecting picture sequences forms in which the was deep-forest habitat of A. I. neckeri is now frag- dewlap fully extended, and in which the animals were oriented mented. As a consequence, Mandeville A. 1. laterally neckeri can be found in such diverse shaded to the camera in almost identical positions. For each the was shifted to still areas as under house foundations, along and in sequence, projector wide porous rock walls and in thick growths of projection on the frame depicting full dewlap bushes. The disruption of ancestral habitats has extension and projected onto graph paper markedly increased the area of interface between where the dewlap area was outlined. To ensure neckeri and grahami habitats (Ernest Williams, equal orientation and magnification, three pers. comm.). It is surprising more instances of points (the snout tip, eye and ear opening) of hybridization have not been found. an image had to coincide with those same land- 27( JENSSEN-ANOLIS HYBRID 271 marks of the previously projected animal. The acters and a closer relationship to A. 1. neckeri dewlap area was determined for each form with for seven characters. the set at and the other largest dewlap 100% reflected affinities for two sizes as of the Morphology.-The hybrid dewlap expressed proportions each of its in half of the 10 largest. parental species scalation characters (Table 1). Regarding an- Behavior.-The display behavior of the three atomical proportions, A. grahami has wider forms was quantitatively analyzed. Both pa- phalanges with fewer lamellae and a smaller rental species have multiple-display repertoires; dewlap than A. 1. neckeri. The hybrid resem- for the purpose of this report, however, only bled A. 1. neckeri by having long phalanges in the most often performed display type in each relationship to lamellae width, but also reflected species' repertoire is described. This display type A. grahami digits by having numerous lamellae is functionally analogous to the "signature" dis- (Table 1, Fig. 1). The hybrid had an inter- play type (Jenssen, 1977). Using displays filmed mediate sized dewlap, but was closer to the in field and enclosure, the A. grahami signature grahami-sized dewlap than to the neckeri-sized display analysis was made from 84 displays dewlap. Setting A. 1. neckeri dewlap area at performed by eight males. The A. 1. neckeri 100%, A. grahami dewlap is approximately 48% signature display was analyzed from 93 dis- and the hybrid dewlap 68% of the A. 1. neckeri plays given by four males. All subjects were dewlap area (Fig. 2). from Mandeville. The hybrid was collected Body coloration and pattern is quite different before its displays were recorded in the field. between the parental species. Of the six most In the enclosure it did not display readily. Only prominent differences, the hybrid possessed the seven complete displays of good quality have A. grahami condition for five of the features been analyzed. (Table 1). Unlike A. 1. neckeri, male A. grahami All behavior sequences were filmed with a can markedly change their body color. It varies Nizo S80 Super 8 camera set at an 18 frames/s from a darkened state during which males are filming speed. Captured lizards were placed in a deep chocolate brown to a colorful stage at a 1.3 m (L) X 0.5 m (W) X 1.0 m (H) enclosure which time they have a magenta tail, yellow fitted with simulated habitat for observation sides, and an aqua neck and head. When A. and filming. Because all three of the forms grahami and the hybrid were in the darkened were wary and A. I. neckeri extremely shy, a state, hourglass-shaped markings were evident blind was used in conjunction with the en- along the dorsal midline of the trunk (Table 1). closure. Analysis of the resulting films was A. 1. neckeri lacks this pattern. with a Kodak accomplished frame-by-frame the Ektagraphic MFS-8 projector using a technique Non-display behavior.-Behaviorally, hybrid described in detail and Hover was similar to A. grahami (Table 1). Anolis gra- by Jenssen (1976). hami has a of vocalizations which it Each form's signature display was divided into repertoire artificial units. Unit divisions were based on emits during social contexts and when handled In contrast, A. 1. neckeri does easily detectable features of the display. The (Milton, 1974). not sounds other than hisses. The duration of each unit was statistically described produce hy- brid was found to to A. (mean, standard error of the mean and 95% squeak similarly grahami when handled confidence limits of the mean) to reflect rela- upon capture. When the two tive degree of stereotypy. Absolute amplitude initially captured, parental have but differ- of display head bobs was not measured; how- species characteristic, markedly ent behavior. Anolis shows no ever, the relative relationship of amplitude be- escape grahami defensive with a tween the various head bobs within a display is special postures; interspersed attitude are and brief reflected in the summary graphs. quiescent unpredictable episodes of vigorous struggling accompanied by of the Proteins.-Electrophoretic analysis hybrid squeaking sounds. Anolis 1. neckeri, on the was done Preston Webster by using techniques other hand, assumes a head out and described Webster and Burns up, dewlap by (1973). mouth open posture when held. Though both species will attempt to bite if the opportunity RESULTS AND DISCUSSION arises, A. I. neckeri does not exhibit the vigorous Twenty-two characters