THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MOOD AND MODALITY IN HURRIAN VOLUME ONE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY DENNIS R. M. CAMPBELL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MARCH 2007 Copyright 2007 by Dennis R. M. Campbell All rights reserved iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. x LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. xv PREFACE ..................................................................................................................... xvii VOLUME ONE CHAPTER ONE: Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Hurrians and Hurrian Language Source Material........................................ 3 1.3 Statement of Purpose .......................................................................................... 7 1.4 Current State of the Field.................................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Progress! ..................................................................................................... 8 1.4.2 Problems Still Remain .............................................................................. 11 1.4.3 Viability of this Work............................................................................... 12 1.5 Modality............................................................................................................ 13 1.6 Modality in Hurrian .......................................................................................... 17 1.7 Layout of Dissertation ...................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO: The Indicative................................................................................. 21 2.1 Background...................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Ergativity and Nominal Morphology in Hurrian .............................................. 22 2.2.1 Ergativity .................................................................................................. 22 2.2.2 Case System of Hurrian ............................................................................ 24 2.2.3 Pronominal System of Hurrian ................................................................. 26 2.3 Morpho-Syntax of the Indicative Verbal System in Hurrian............................ 27 2.3.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Basic Structure.......................................................................................... 29 2.3.3 The Intransitive Verb in Hurrian .............................................................. 30 2.3.3.1 General Form .................................................................................... 30 2.3.3.2 The Old Hurrian Intransitive............................................................. 31 2.3.3.3 The Mittani Hurrian Intransitive....................................................... 33 2.3.3.4 Negative Intransitives ...................................................................... 35 2.3.3.5 The Intransitive in Urartian............................................................... 36 2.3.4 The Antipassive Verb in Hurrian.............................................................. 38 2.3.4.1 General Form .................................................................................... 38 2.3.4.2 Antipassive Valence Marker............................................................. 39 iv 2.3.4.3 Function(s) of the Antipassive.......................................................... 40 2.3.4.4 The Old Hurrian Antipassive............................................................ 44 2.3.4.5 The Mittani Hurrian Antipassive ...................................................... 46 2.3.4.6 Negative Antipassive ........................................................................ 47 2.3.4.7 Verbs in –i in Urartian...................................................................... 48 2.3.5 The Transitive in Hurrian ......................................................................... 49 2.3.5.1 General Introduction......................................................................... 49 2.3.5.2 The Old Hurrian Transitive............................................................... 50 2.3.5.2.1 –m as “Binary”?........................................................................ 54 2.3.5.2.2 An Alternative View................................................................. 57 2.3.5.2.3 Old Hurrian Transitive Verbs with 3 pl. A ............................... 59 2.3.5.3 The Mittani Hurrian Transitive......................................................... 60 2.3.5.4 Negative Transitive........................................................................... 63 2.3.5.4.1 Negatives in –ud –..................................................................... 63 2.3.5.4.2 Negatives in –uw – .................................................................... 64 2.3.5.4.3 Negatives in –ma ...................................................................... 65 2.3.5.5 Transitive Verbs in Urartian ............................................................. 66 2.3.6 Verbal Morphemes –e and –u .................................................................. 69 2.3.7 Tense/Aspect............................................................................................. 70 2.4 Syntactic Ergativity........................................................................................... 71 2.4.1 General Considerations............................................................................. 71 2.4.2 Relative Clauses........................................................................................ 73 2.4.2.1 General Considerations..................................................................... 73 2.4.2.2 Relativization in Hurrian .................................................................. 75 2.4.2.2.1 The Relative Particle iya –......................................................... 76 2.4.2.2.2 Other Use of iya – ...................................................................... 79 2.4.2.2.3 Nominalized Relatives in –šše .................................................. 80 2.4.2.2.4 Problematic Cases in –i–a–šše ? ............................................... 84 2.4.3 Deletion..................................................................................................... 88 2.4.3.1 S/O Pivots in the Mittani Letter........................................................ 88 2.4.3.2 An Example from KBo 32.14 ........................................................... 90 2.4.3.3 A/A and O/O Pivots in the Mittani Letter......................................... 93 2.4.4 Observation on Syntactic Ergativity in Hurrian ....................................... 93 2.5 Conclusions....................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER THREE: The Imperative............................................................................ 96 3.1 Background....................................................................................................... 96 3.1.1 The Imperative in Ergative Languages................................................... 101 3.1.1.1 Dyirbal ............................................................................................ 102 3.2 Form and Function in Hurrian ......................................................................... 104 3.2.1 Form of the Imperative ........................................................................... 105 3.3 Philological Commentary ............................................................................... 108 3.3.1 Imperatives in –a .................................................................................... 108 3.3.2 Imperatives in –i ..................................................................................... 119 3.3.3 Observations on –a and –i...................................................................... 126 3.3.4 Imperatives in –o/u ?............................................................................... 127 v 3.3.4.1 KBo 32.15 iv 2-6............................................................................. 127 3.3.4.2 Examples outside of the Hurro-Hittite Bilingual............................. 130 3.3.4.3 Final Thoughts on –o/u as Imperative ............................................ 137 3.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 138 CHAPTER FOUR: The Optative ............................................................................... 140 4.1 Background..................................................................................................... 140 4.1.1 Sumerian ................................................................................................