Tunnel Syndromes Peripheral Nerve Compression Syndromes Third Edition 0952_frame_FM Page 2 Thursday, June 28, 2001 2:08 PM Tunnel Syndromes Peripheral Nerve Compression Syndromes Third Edition Marko M. Pe´cina Jelena Krmpoti´c-Nemani´c Andrew D. Markiewitz CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 0952_frame_FM Page 4 Thursday, June 28, 2001 2:08 PM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pecina, Marko Tunnel Syndromes : peripheral nerve compression syndromes / Marko Pecina, Jelena Krmpotic-Nemanic, Andrew Markiewitz.--3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-0952-2 (alk. paper) 1. Entrapment neuropathies. I. Krmpotic-Nemanic, Jelena. II. Markiewitz, Andrew D. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Nerve Compression Syndromes--etiology. 2. Nerve Compression Syndromes--diagnosis. 3. Nerve Compression Syndromes--therapy. WL 500 P365t 2001] RC422.E56 T86 2001 616.8‘7—dc21 2001035414 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0952-2 Library of Congress Card Number 2001035414 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper 0952_frame_FM Page 5 Thursday, June 28, 2001 2:08 PM Third Edition Preface It is with pleasure, but also a sense of responsibility, that we present, in a span of only 10 years, the third edition of our book. The implied question is, are the changes in the field that this book covers so important and frequent that so many new editions are necessary? The answer is yes. Exactly 10 years ago, when the first edition of this book, Tunnel Syndromes, was published, only a few of the tunnel syndromes described at that time were accorded any clinical significance. However, in recent years, tunnel syndromes or entrapment neuropathies have become increasingly recognized as a cause of pain and dysfunction in various parts of the human body. This has been accompanied with a rapidly enlarging body of literature on this subject. What is the same, and what has changed in the third edition of our book? The authors are the same, as is the concept of the book. The third edition continues to probe the origins of these painful syndromes and to propose the possible causes that lead to them. This edition, similar to the preceding two, is intended to give a quick overview of the definition, anatomy, etiology, clinical symptoms and signs, and treatment of tunnel syndromes. Like the first two editions, this book is intended for a wide spectrum of medical students, general practitioners, and specialists from different fields of medicine, not only those whose primary concern is surgery. This is also an answer to the most common criticism of the first two editions, that treatment, particularly surgical procedures for various syndromes, was not described in enough detail. The third edition of the book has nine new syndromes, bringing the total number described in the book to more than 50. The credit for the drawings in these new chapters goes to Milivoj Mervar from the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb. Professor Dr. Marija Sostarkoˇ ˇ , a neurologist from the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, completely rewrote the chapter Neurophysiology and Electrodiagnosis of Entrapment Neuropathies. All chapters from the second edition feature new references, as well as new insights acquired during these 10 years. Some chapters also feature new illustrations. Because of the continued support and understanding of our publisher, this edition also surpasses the preceding ones in graphic design and presentation, for which we are truly grateful, not only for ourselves, but, also we hope, for the still numerous readers of this book. Marko M. Pecina´ Zagreb 0952_frame_FM Page 6 Thursday, June 28, 2001 2:08 PM 0952_frame_FM Page 7 Thursday, June 28, 2001 2:08 PM The Editors Marko M. Pecina´ , M.D., Ph.D., is chairman and professor of orthopaedic surgery at the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia. Professor Pecina´ graduated from Zagreb University Medical School in 1964. From 1965 to 1970 he was assistant lecturer at the Anatomic Institute of Zagreb Medical School. He obtained his M.Sc. degree in experimental biology at Zagreb University Faculty of Natural Sciences in 1968, and defended his Ph.D. in medical science in 1970 at Zagreb University Medical School. In 1970 he became an assistant lecturer at Zagreb Medical School Orthopaedic Department, and in 1977, became senior lecturer, in 1980 associate professor and in 1984 professor in orthopaedics. Professor Pecina´ furthered his professional training in many orthopaedic institutions around the world (Lyon, Bologna, Vienna, Basel, London, Milwaukee, New York, Baltimore, Los Angeles, Columbus, and others), as well as participating in numerous international symposia and congresses. He is also engaged in professional associations in Croatia and abroad. He is an active member of the Croatian Medical Association, the Croatian Orthopaedic Society (president), and the Croatian Sports Medicine Society, as well as the following international societies: International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Sports Medicine; Spine Society of Europe; French Society for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology; European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy; College Européen de Trau- matologie du Sport; International Association of Olympic Medical Officers; Italian Club of Knee Surgery; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; European Calcified Tissue Society and International Federation of Sports Medicine. He is a national delegate of Croatia and a member of the International Committee of International Society of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology (SICOT). Professor Pecina´ is an honorary member of the Hellenic Orthopaedic and Traumatology Society. He is one of the founders of the European Spinal Deformities Society and was vice- president from 1989 to 1992. He was a member of Croatian Olympic Committee and Chairman of the Medical Commission. In addition, he is editor-in-chief of the Croatian Sports Medicine Journal, assistant editor of International Orthopaedics, a corresponding member of the Edi- torial Board of The Hip International and Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae et Traumatologie Cechoclovaka. Particularly interested in clinical anatomy and applied biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, scoliosis, knee surgery and sports traumatology, Professor Pecina´ has published more than 300 expert and scientific papers and several books, including Tunnel Syndromes, CRC Press 1991; and second edition 1997; and Overuse Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System, CRC Press 1993. Professor Pecina´ has been awarded numerous tokens of appreciation for his professional achievements, such as the Balkan Medical Union Award for Scientific Achievement, the Croatian Award of Sports Medicine, the ESSKA Award for a Scientific Poster, the “Juan Anatonio Sama- ranch” Award for Scientific Lecture, and the Croatian Award for Scientific Achievement, among others. He is a regular member of the Croatian Medical Academy and an associated member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. 0952_frame_FM Page 8 Thursday, June 28, 2001 2:08 PM Jelena Krmpotic-Nemanic´´, M.D., Ph.D., is emeritus chairman and professor of anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia. Professor Jelena Krmpotic-Nemanic´´ obtained her M.D. degree in 1944 from the School of Medicine University of Zagreb. She defended her Ph.D. in 1957 at the School of Med- icine University of Zagreb, where she also specialized in otorhi- nolaryngology, 1960–1963. In 1942, she began work in the Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine University of Zagreb. In 1949 she became a lecturer, in 1953 associated pro- fessor and in 1963, a professor. From 1961 to 1980 she was head of the Department of Anatomy. Professor Jelena Krmpotic-Nemanic´´ is an honorary member of the Austrian Otorhinolaryngological Society, a corresponding member of the German Otorhinolaryngological Society in Weis- baden and Berlin, honorary professor at the University of Munich, and a member of the Collegium Otorhinolaryngologicum Amicitiae Sacrum. She is also the member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Professor Krmpotic-Nemanic´´ is redactor of Zeitschrift fur Laryngologie, Rhinol- ogie und Otologie; European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, and Otorhinolaryngologia Nova. Among the awards she has received are the Ludwig Haymann’s Price Decoration, the Austrian Cross of Honor and the Laureat of the French Medical Academy. Professor Krmpotic-Nemanic´´ has been a researcher and collaborator on three consecutive USA joint board grants concerned with the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal development of the human frontal lobe, and has been the principal investigator on several research grants in Croatia. Professor Krmpotic-Nemanic´´ has presented more than 30 guest lectures in Europe and the United States. She has published more than 200 research papers, many of which are cited in Science Citation Index.