H I|S T O R I of the C A N D E' L L A S of JEJAKABHUKTI. by U.S. BOSE. (Uemai Sadhan Bose) ! Thesis submitted for examination for the dgree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University q London. 195*+. i ProQuest Number: 10731158 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731158 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ■Synopsis« Subject0 History of the Oandellas of tJ'ejakabhukt 1B the history of the ^andellas was first traced by Smith in an article in l9o8 and then by Dr.H.C.Ray in a chapter of his Dynastic History of Northern India,Volume II,in 1936.These two scholars,;, gave only a very brief political history of the dynasty with cursury references to other aspects of Oandella history0This is the first effort to trace the full history of the Oandellas with the help of inscriptions,contemporary literary works, Moslem sources,monographs and a large number of articles with important bearing on the Oandellas.Besides the political history, I have discussed the administrative system,social,cultural and religious life in the Oandella kingdom in detail*I have also tried to point out the significance of the Oandellas in relation to the general history of India, and the history of Central and Northern India in particular* The first chapter traces the origin,and early history of the dynasty/The second and third chapters deal with its rise under Harsa and Xasovarman and its supremacy under Hhanga and Vidyadhara.The fourth chapter discusses the decline of the Oandellas and their revival under Klrtivarman.The fifth chapter traces their history from the reign of Madanavarman to their final collapse.The administrative,socio-economic,religious and cultural history of the dynasty is discussed in chapter VI and VII. The significance of the Oandellas and their contribution to Indian history has been pointed out in the last chapter.Finally, in the Appendix,a critical estimate of the traditional sources has been made,and a few unpublished Oandella inscriptions have been include with facsimilies. Preface. The Oandellas were one of the most important dynasties of Northern India between the decline of the Pratlharas and the establishment of Moslem rule in India. Practically nothing was known of the dynasty until the publication of Cunningham's Archaeological Survey Reports, (Volumes II, X and XXI). The value and importance of these reports and the contribution of Cunningham can be measured by the fact that even today no study of the period is possible without the help of his Reports^and many of the conclusions made by Cunningham, from the limited material available to him, still stand today. On the basis of these Reports and other inscriptions, Smith wrote a scholarly article on the Oandellas in 1908, in Volume XXXVII of the Indian Antiquary. At that time the history of the Oandellas and other Rajput dynasties was still very obscure, and little of the period was known until the publication of Dr. H.C. Ray's Dynastic History of Northern India in two volumes in 1931 and 1936. The two volumes of Dr. Ray not only contributed immensly to the knowledge of the history of the dynasties, but also empha­ sised the vast scope of the subject and the need for further research. Naturally the chapters of Dr. Ray on the Rajput dynasties were neither exhaustive nor complete, but his work more than served its purpose, - expressed hy Dr. Hay himself as, ,fa preparatory clearing ground'1 for future researches. The nature and sphere of my work has already been explained in the synopsis. But before I conclude, I must express my gratitude to Mr. S.C. Dutta and Dr. G.C. Ray- Chaudhury of the Calcutta University, for helping and encouraging me to take up research in this subject* I am grateful to Dr. Hardy and Dr. Williams of the School of Oriental and African Studies, with whom I have read the Persian texts and the inscriptions. I am also thankful to Dr. J.D.M. Derrett of the School, my friend and colleague Mr. A.K. Narain, and to Professor C.H* Philips and the History Seminar for their useful suggestions. But above all, it is impossible to express my gratitude and regards for Dr. A.L. Basham, but for whose constant day to day guidance help and encouragement, the work would never have been possible 121 CONTENTS* Page Preface ........ i List of Abbreviations ........ ...... v CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE OANDELLAS............... 1 (i) O r i g i n ......... 1 (ii) Variations of the name Candella .................. 13 (iii) Site of the Candella Kingdom and origin of the name Jejakabhnkti ..... 15 (iv) Early History of the Dynasty ................. 20 CHAPTER II. RISE OF THE OANDELLAS:; HARSA AND YASOVARMAN ........ 31 (i) Harsa ....... .............. .......... 31 (ii) Yasovarman......... *...... 39 CHAPTER III. THE CANDELLA KINGDOM AT ITS ZENITH: DHANGA AND VIDYADHARA........ 55 (i) Dhanga ............. * *. 55 (ii) G a n d a ........... 71 (iii) Vidyadhara ..... 72 CHAPTER IV. HISTORY OF THE DYNASTY FROM c.A.D.1030 to c.1129 ...... 9^ The beginning of the decline; Temporary restoration by Kirtivarman........ .................. ........... 9*+ (1) Vijayapala ................. 91* (ii) Devavarman.......... 98 (iii) Kirtivarman .......................... 99 (iv) Sallaksanavarman.............. 110 (v) Jayavarman ................................. *..... 113 (vi) Prthvivarman ........ 115 CHAPTER V . MADANAVARMAN TO FINAL COLLAPSE ........................ 117 (i Madanavarman ..................... 117 (ii Yasovarman • ...... 12b (iii Paramardideva............ 127 (iv Trailokyavarman ..... 136 (v Viravarman ............ 1^9 (vi Bhojavarman ........ 152 (vii Hammlravarman.................... 153 iv CHAPTER VI. page CANDELLA ADMINISTRATION....... 157 CHAPTER VII. SOCIETY, RELIGION, ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE........ 203 (i) Society............................ .......... 203 (ii) Relig i o n ........................ ................. 210 (iii) Architecture ...................................... 217 (iv) Sculpture .............. ....... ....... ............ 225 CHAPTER VIII. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CANDELLAS ......................... 229 APPENDIX. ............................. 2V3 (i) Coinage of the D y n a s t y ............... ............ 2^3 (ii) Identification of Trailokyavarman with Trailokyamalla ..... .......... ....... 2*+9 (iii) Traditional Account of the conflict between Prthvlraja and Paramardi ............ 252 (iv) Three Unpublished Candella Inscriptions 26*+ SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................... 270 LIST OF CANDELLA INSCRIPTIONS......... 279 CANDELLA GENEALOGY............................... 284 PLATES. _ Between pp, (1 ) Plan of Kandariya Mahadeo temple ............... 220-221 (2 ) Pillar and ceiling decoration of Khajuraho t e m p l e *..... 223-22^ (3 ) Kandariya Mahadeo temple ....................... 223-22*+ (*+) Maithuna Couple ..... ••••••............ 227-228 (5) A female figure ^ .. ........ v .............. 227-228 (0 ) Statue of Simhefnl&da Avalokitesvara....... 228-229 (7) Chhatarpur Inscription of MacEanavarman......... 26*+-265 (8) Tehari Copper Plate of Trailokyavarman ......... 266-267 (9) Panna Candella Inscription of Samvat 1366 ...... 269-270 MAPS. TTT The Candella K i n g d o m ...................... •. * • 18-19 (2) The Candella Kingdom in relation to other states in A.D. 1100 ......... 235-236 v. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. AI R.C. Majumdar, Ancient India* ARIE ....... Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy. ASH ..... .. Archaeological Survey Reports. BG .......... Bombay Gazetteer. Bh.Annals ... Bhan&arkar Annals. B r i g g s Tdrlkh I Firishta, Translated by Briggs, Vol.I, London, 1827- B u l a k ...... Al-Tarrich ul Kamil, of Ibn ul-Athlr, Bulak, 187k, Vol.IX. CCIM ......... Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum. CMI ..... Cunningham, Coins of Mediaeval India. Dey ...... .. Tabaquat I-Akbarl of Nizamuddln, Translated by ' B. Day.) (Bibliotheca“Indica), 19JL7* D E I C.V. Vaiciya, Downfall of Hindu India* DHNI H.C. Ray, Dynastic History of Northern India. EHI ...... V. Smith, Early History of India. El .......... Epigraphia^Indica. Elliot ..... Ta^ ul-Ma’Athir of Hasan Nizami, Extracts translated in Elliot, Voi'.II, pp.20*+-2li*3* HDS ......... P.V. Kane, History.of the Dharmasastras. IiEAlA ....... J. Fergusson, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. HMHI ....... C.V. Vaidya, History of Mediaeval Hindu India. HOB ••*••••*• R.C. Majumdar, History of Bengal. HOK .... R.S. Tripathi, History of Kanauj to the Moslem Conquest. HOPD ........ D.C. Ganguly, History of the Paramara Dynasty. IA .... Indian Antiquary. I C Indian Culture. IHQ; ......... Indian Historical Quarterly. Ind. Arch.... Percy Brown, Indian Architecture. Indi Sc. Stella KramrIsch, Indian Sculpture. JASB .... Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. JBBRAS (N.S.) Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (New Series). JBORS ....... Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society. JNSI ........ Journal of the Numismatic Society of India. JOIH ••••*••• Journal of Indian History. JOL .... .. Journal